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PinyinFú Línɡ
Alias Fú Tū (《Bencao Jing》), Fú Línɡ (《Shiji》), Fú Lín (《Guangya》), Fú Línɡ, Fú Tū (《Tang Bencao》), Sōng Yú (《Jishi Zhu》), Jiàng Chén Fú Tái (《Youyang Zazhu》), Yún Lín (《Dianhai Yuheng Zhi》), Fú Tù (《Gangmu》), Sōng Shǔ, Sōng Mù Shǔ, Sōng Lín (《Guangxi Zhongyao Zhi》).
Source《Bencao Jing》
Origin The dried sclerotium of the fungus Poria cocos, belonging to the family Polyporaceae. Wild Poria is generally harvested from July to March of the following year in pine forests.
The ground where Poria grows typically has the following characteristics: (1) Cracks around the stumps in the pine forest that produce a hollow sound when struck; (2) White mycelium (appearing as a powdery white membrane or powdery gray) on the ground near pine trees; (3) Black-red horizontal cracks on the stump after decay; (4) The ground around the stump dries quickly after light rain, or there are areas where grass does not grow. Cultivated Poria is usually harvested in the second or third year after inoculation, with the best quality harvested after the beginning of autumn; harvesting too early affects quality and yield. Processing: After harvesting, Poria is cleaned of soil, piled in a corner of the house where there is no ventilation, or stored in a ceramic jar, with a layer of pine needles or straw laid at the bottom, and Poria layered with straw, covered with thick burlap to allow it to “sweat” and release moisture. It is then taken out, water droplets wiped off, spread in a cool place, and allowed to dry on the surface before sweating again. This process is repeated 3-4 times until the surface shrinks, the skin color turns brown, and it is then placed in a cool, dry place to dry completely, resulting in “Poria pieces.” Cutting: After sweating, it is cut while still moist, or dried Poria can be soaked in water before cutting. The white inner part of the Poria sclerotium is cut into thin slices or small cubes, known as Bai Fú Lín (White Poria); the black outer skin is known as Fú Lín Pí (Poria Skin); the red part beneath the Poria skin is known as Chì Fú Lín (Red Poria); the white part with pine roots, cut into square thin slices, is known as Fú Shén (Spirit of Poria). All processed products must be dried in the shade, not exposed to heat or sunlight, and should be placed in a cool place to avoid excessive dryness or ventilation, which may cause loss of stickiness or cracking.
The common form is its sclerotium, which is usually irregularly shaped, spherical, flat, elongated, or oval, varying in size from as small as a fist to a diameter of 20-30 cm or larger. The surface is light gray-brown or black-brown, with a lumpy, wrinkled appearance, and the interior is white with a slight pink hue, composed of countless mycelia. The fruiting body is umbrella-shaped, with a diameter of 0.5-2 mm, and the mouth edge is slightly serrated; the sexual generation is rarely seen, honeycomb-like, usually growing attached to the outer skin of the sclerotium, initially white, gradually turning light brown, with holes that are polygonal, and the basidia are rod-shaped, with basidiospores that are oval to cylindrical, slightly curved, one end pointed, smooth, and colorless. It has a distinctive odor.
Habitat Distribution It parasitizes the roots of pine family plants such as red pine or masson pine, penetrating 20-30 cm underground. It is distributed in Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Anhui, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Shanxi, and other regions.
Characteristics Poria pieces are spherical, flat, or irregularly shaped, varying in size and weight from several taels to over ten jin. The surface is black-brown or brown, with a thin and rough outer skin, and prominent wrinkled patterns, often covered with soil. The body is heavy, hard, and not easily broken; the cross-section is uneven, granular or powdery, with the outer layer being light brown or light red, and the inner layer entirely white, with a few being light brown, fine, and may show cracks or brown pine roots embedded in white fluffy fragments. It has no odor and is sticky when chewed. The best quality is characterized by a solid weight, brownish outer skin with a slight sheen, deep wrinkles, a fine white cross-section, and strong stickiness. Bai Fú Lín is cut into thin slices or cubes, white, fine, and has a powdery texture. It is brittle, easily broken, and sometimes the edges appear yellow-brown.
Chemical Composition The sclerotium contains β-Poria polysaccharides, accounting for about 93% of the dry weight, and triterpenoid compounds such as acetyl poria acid, poria acid, and 3β-hydroxy lanosterol acid. Additionally, it contains gum, chitin, proteins, fats, sterols, lecithin, glucose, adenine, histidine, choline, β-Poria polysaccharide-decomposing enzymes, lipase, protease, etc.
Pharmacological Effects ① Diuretic Effect
3 grams of Poria decoction or the clinically used amount does not have a diuretic effect on healthy individuals. Intravenous injection of the decoction at 0.048 grams/kg in dogs does not increase urine output, nor does it have significant effects on rats or rabbits. However, its alcohol extract injected into the abdominal cavity of rabbits, or its water extract in chronic experiments on rabbits, is said to have a diuretic effect. The decoction can promote sodium excretion in adrenalectomized rats, either alone or in combination with deoxycorticosterone, thus the diuretic effect of Poria warrants further research. Poria contains 97.5 mg% of potassium, and when calculated with a 30% water decoction, it contains 0.186 mg/mL of sodium and 11.2 mg/mL of potassium, indicating that the promotion of sodium excretion is not related to its sodium content (which is too low), while the increase in potassium excretion is related to its high potassium salt content.
Wǔ Línɡ Sǎn (Five-Ingredient Powder) shows significant diuretic effects in chronic ureteral fistula dogs (intravenous injection), healthy individuals, and rabbits (oral decoction), with increased excretion of sodium, potassium, and chloride in dogs. However, the main diuretic ingredients in Wǔ Línɡ Sǎn are Guì Zhī (Cinnamon Twig), Zé Xiè (Alisma), and Bái Zhú (White Atractylodes). It has also been reported that the decoction of Wǔ Línɡ Sǎn given orally to rats at a dose of 1 gram/100 grams did not demonstrate a diuretic effect.
② Antibacterial Effect
No antibacterial effect of Poria was found in vitro. The ethanol extract can kill Leptospira, while the water decoction is ineffective.
③ Effects on the Digestive System
Poria has a direct relaxing effect on isolated intestinal segments of rabbits and has a preventive effect on ulcers formed by pyloric ligation in rats, and can reduce gastric acid.
④ Other Effects
Poria can lower blood sugar, and tinctures and infusions can inhibit the isolated heart of toads, while ether or ethanol extracts can strengthen heart contractions. It does not have an antiemetic effect on vomiting induced by digitalis.
Preparation Poria: Soak in water, wash, drain, steam, slice, and dry. Zhu Fú Lín (Red Poria): Take Poria pieces, spray with clean water, slightly moisten, and evenly sprinkle with fine vermilion powder, repeatedly turning to coat the surface with the powder, then dry. (For every 100 jin of Poria, use 30 taels of vermilion powder.)
Nature and Flavor Sweet and bland, neutral.
①《Bencao Jing》: “Taste sweet, neutral.”
②《Yixue Qiyuan》: “The ‘Main Treatment Secrets’ states it is warm in nature and bland in taste.”
It enters the Heart, Spleen, and Lung meridians.
①《Tangye Bencao》: “Enters the Hand Taiyin, Foot Yangming, and Shaoyang meridians.”
②《Bencao Mengquan》: “Enters the Bladder, Kidney, and Lung.”
③《Leigong Paozhi Yao Xing Jie》: “Enters the Lung, Spleen, and Small Intestine meridians.”
④《Bencao Jing Shu》: “Enters the Hand and Foot Shaoyin, Hand Taiyang, Foot Taiyin, and Yangming meridians.”
Main Functions and Indications Promotes diuresis and relieves edema, benefits the Spleen and harmonizes the Stomach, calms the mind and settles the spirit. Used for difficult urination, edema, phlegm cough, vomiting, diarrhea, nocturnal emissions, turbid urination, palpitations, and forgetfulness.
①《Bencao Jing》: “Indicated for chest and flank counterflow qi, worry, fright, and palpitations, pain below the heart, cold and heat fullness, cough counterflow, dry mouth and tongue, and difficult urination.”
②《Bielu》: “Stops thirst, promotes sleep, abdominal distension, turbid urination, phlegm and water in the diaphragm, and edema. Opens the chest, regulates organ qi, expels kidney evil, nourishes yin, benefits qi and strength, and protects the spirit and center.”
③《Yaoxing Lun》: “Opens the appetite, stops vomiting, calms the mind. Treats lung atrophy and phlegm obstruction. Used for childhood fright seizures, abdominal distension, and women’s heat turbid urination.”
④《Rihua Zibencao》: “Nourishes the five labors and seven injuries, calms the fetus, warms the lower back and knees, opens the mind and benefits intelligence, and stops forgetfulness.”
⑤《Shanghan Ming Lijie》: “Promotes diuresis and relieves the Spleen.”
⑥《Yixue Qiyuan》: “Eliminates dampness, benefits blood between the waist and navel, harmonizes the middle and benefits qi as the main function. Treats yellow or red urination that is difficult. ‘Main Treatment Secrets’ states it stops diarrhea, eliminates deficiency heat, opens the pores, and generates body fluids.”
⑦ Wang Haogu: “Expels bladder dampness, benefits the Spleen and Stomach. Treats kidney accumulation and running piglet syndrome.”
⑧《Yao Zheng》: “Indicated for palpitations and muscle twitching, and adjunctively treats dizziness and irritability.”
Dosage and Administration Oral: Decoction, 3-5 qian; or in pills or powders.
Precautions Contraindicated for those with deficiency cold, slippery essence, or qi deficiency with sinking.
①《Bencao Jing Jizhu》: “Mǎ Lìn is used as a guide. Avoid white astringents. Avoid Mǔ Méng, Dì Yú, Xióng Huáng, Qín Jiāo, and Guī Jiǎ.”
②《Yaoxing Lun》: “Avoid rice vinegar.”
③ Zhang Yuansu: “If there is slight convenience or frequency, taking it will harm the eyes. If taken during excessive sweating, it will harm the original qi.”
④《Bencao Jing Shu》: “Patients with kidney deficiency, frequent urination, or slippery essence should not take it.”
⑤《De Pei Bencao》: “Qi deficiency with sinking, water dryness, and dry mouth are all contraindicated.”
Formulas ① For Taiyang disease, after sweating, with profuse sweating, dryness in the stomach, restlessness, and difficult urination with slight heat and thirst: 18 zhū of Zhū Lín (peeled), 1.6 liang of Zé Xiè, 18 zhū of Bái Zhú, 18 zhū of Fú Lín, and 0.5 liang of Guì Zhī (peeled). Mix the five ingredients, pound into a powder, and take with white drink, 1 tablespoon three times a day. (《Shanghan Lun》 Wǔ Línɡ Sǎn)
② For frequent urination, slippery and frequent: Bai Fú Lín (remove black skin), dried Shan Yao (peeled, soaked in alum water, and dried over low heat). Mix the two ingredients in equal parts into a fine powder. Take with thin rice drink. (《Rumen Shiqin》)
③ For edema: 2 qian of clean water, 3 qian of Fú Lín, and 1.5 qian of Yù Lǐ Rén (crushed). Add ginger juice and decoct. (《Buzhi Yiyao》 Fú Lín Decoction)
④ For skin edema, swelling of the limbs, and water qi in the skin, with limbs feeling heavy: 3 liang of Fáng Jǐ, 3 liang of Huáng Qí, 3 liang of Guì Zhī, 6 liang of Fú Lín, and 2 liang of Gān Cǎo. Mix the five ingredients, boil with 6 sheng of water, and take 2 sheng in three warm doses. (《Jinkui Yaolüe》 Fáng Jǐ Fú Lín Decoction)
⑤ For phlegm and water in the heart, fullness in the chest and flanks, and dizziness: 4 liang of Fú Lín, 3 liang each of Guì Zhī and Bái Zhú, and 2 liang of Gān Cǎo. Mix the four ingredients, boil with 6 sheng of water, and take 3 sheng in three warm doses; urination will be smooth. (《Jinkui Yaolüe》 Lín Guì Zhú Gān Decoction)
⑥ For sudden vomiting, fullness below the heart, and water in the diaphragm, with dizziness: 1 sheng of Bàn Xià, 0.5 jin of fresh ginger, and 3 liang of Fú Lín (or 4 liang). Mix the three ingredients, boil with 7 sheng of water to yield 1.5 sheng, and take warm again. (《Jinkui Yaolüe》 Xiǎo Bàn Xià Jiā Fú Lín Decoction)
⑦ For persistent diarrhea: 2 liang of Bai Fú Lín, and 0.5 liang of Nán Mù Xiāng (wrapped in paper and roasted). Mix the two ingredients into a fine powder, decoct with Zǐ Sū Mù Guā soup and take 2 qian. (《Bai Yi Xuán Fāng》)
⑧ For damp diarrhea: 1 liang of Bái Zhú, and 7.5 qian of Fú Lín (remove skin). Finely chop, decoct with 1 liang of water, and take before meals. (《Yuán Bìng Shì》 Huo Lín Decoction)
⑨ For gastric reflux and thirst, desiring to drink water: 0.5 jin of Fú Lín, 4 liang of Zé Xiè, 2 liang of Gān Cǎo, 2 liang of Guì Zhī, 3 liang of Bái Zhú, and 4 liang of fresh ginger. Mix the six ingredients, boil with 10 sheng of water to yield 3 sheng, then add Zé Xiè and boil again to yield 2.5 sheng, take 8 he, three times a day. (《Jinkui Yaolüe》 Fú Lín Zé Xiè Decoction)
⑩ For male essence deficiency, frequent nocturnal emissions, cloudy urination, and frequent leakage, and for women with prolonged cold in the blood sea, white discharge, and constant dampness in the lower body, with urination like rice wash water, or infertility: 4 liang of yellow wax, and 4 liang of Bai Fú Lín (remove skin, cut into pieces, and boil with 1 fen of Zhū Lín for over twenty boils, then dry, do not use Zhū Lín). Mix the powdered Fú Lín with melted yellow wax into pills the size of a walnut. Chew slowly and swallow, with the aim of clear urination. (《Jufang》 Wēi Xǐ Wán)
⑪ For heart deficiency and dream leakage, or cloudy urination: 2 qian of Bai Fú Lín powder. Take with rice soup, twice a day. (《Renzhai Zhizhi Fang》)
⑫ For heart sweat, with no sweat elsewhere, only sweating at the heart hole, and excessive sweating due to worry: Take Fú Lín powder with mugwort soup. (《Zheng Zhi Yao Jue》)
⑬ For lower deficiency thirst, upper excess and lower deficiency, heart fire blazing, kidney water drying up, unable to interact and causing thirst: 1 jin of Bai Fú Lín, and 1 jin of Huáng Lián. Grind into powder, boil with tianhua fen to make a paste, and form pills the size of wutong seeds. Take 50 pills with warm soup. (《Desheng Tang Experience Formula》)
⑭ For head wind and dizziness, warming the lower back and knees, and treating the five labors and seven injuries: Mix Fú Lín powder with rice wine. (《Gangmu》 Fú Lín Wine)
⑮ For skin diseases: Mix white honey with Fú Lín and apply, leave for seven days. (《Bǔ Quē Zhǒu Hòu Fāng》)
Various Discussions ① Tao Hongjing: “Fú Lín, the white one nourishes, the red one drains.”
②《Bencao Yanyi》: “Fú Lín and Fú Shén have a strong diuretic effect, and benefit the heart and spleen, which cannot be neglected.”
③《Yong Yao Xinfang》: “Fú Lín, bland can benefit the orifices, sweet can assist yang, is a holy medicine for eliminating dampness.” Sweet and neutral can tonify yang, benefit the spleen, expel water, generate fluids, and guide qi.
④《Tangye Bencao》: “Fú Lín can expel kidney evil, frequent urination can be stopped, and difficult urination can be relieved. When used with wine and bright vermilion, it can conceal the true essence.”
⑤《Bencao Yanyi Bǔ Yì》: “Fú Lín is often used by Zhongjing for frequent urination, this is a key medicine for treating acute new diseases, but if there is yin deficiency, it may not be appropriate.”
⑥《Gangmu》: “Fú Lín, according to the ‘Bencao’, also states that it can promote urination, expel kidney evil. In Dongyuan and Wang Haizang, it is said that frequent urination can be stopped, and difficult urination can be relieved. It is similar to vermilion, which can conceal the true essence. However, Zhu Danxi also states that those with yin deficiency should not use it, which seems contradictory. Why? Fú Lín is bland and permeating, its nature is upward, generating fluids, opening the pores, nourishing the water source and descending, promoting urination, hence Zhang Jiguo said it belongs to yang, floating and ascending, referring to its nature; Dongyuan said it is yin among yang, descending and lowering, referring to its function. The ‘Suwen’ states that food enters the stomach, overflows the essence qi, and is transmitted to the lungs, regulating the water pathways, and then transmitted to the bladder. From this, it is known that bland and permeating medicines all ascend before descending, not just descending. Frequent urination has different sources. The ‘Suwen’ states that if lung qi is strong, urination is frequent and deficient; if deficient, it is frequent urination; if heart deficient, it is less qi and frequent urination; if the lower jiao is deficient, it is frequent urination; if heat moves to the bladder, it is frequent urination; if the bladder is not functioning, it is retention, and if not controlled, it is frequent urination. The so-called strong lung qi is actually heat, and such a person must have strong qi and pulse, suitable for using Fú Lín to relieve heat, hence it is said that frequent urination can be stopped. However, if the lung is deficient, heart is deficient, bladder heat, or in cases of yin deficiency, these are all deficient heat, and such a person must have upper heat and lower cold, weak pulse, and the method should use warming medicines to strongly tonify the lower, interacting between the kidney and heart. Both conditions cannot be treated with bland and permeating medicines like Fú Lín, hence it is said that those with yin deficiency should not use it.” Tao Hongjing first stated that red Fú Lín drains, and white Fú Lín nourishes. Li Gao further divided red into the blood aspect and white into the qi aspect, which is the secret of the previous entry; Shizhen stated that Fú Lín and Fú Shén should only be classified as red entering the blood aspect and white entering the qi aspect, each from its category, like the meaning of peony and white peony, and should not be divided into blood and qi, otherwise Bai Fú Shén cannot treat heart diseases, and red Fú Lín cannot enter the bladder. Zhang Yuansu’s theory of not dividing red and white is not well-founded.
⑦《Bencao Jing Shu》: “Fú Lín, its taste is sweet and neutral, its nature is non-toxic, entering the hand and foot Shaoyin, hand Yangming, foot Taiyin, and Yangming meridians, it is yin among yang. Counterflow qi in the chest and flanks is due to evil in the hand Shaoyin; worry, fright, and evil are all due to insufficient heart qi; palpitations are due to insufficient kidney will; pain below the heart, cold and heat fullness, cough counterflow, dry mouth and tongue are also due to evil in the hand Shaoyin. Sweet can tonify the middle, bland and can benefit the orifices, tonifying the middle makes the heart and spleen full, benefiting the orifices resolves evil heat, when the heart and spleen are full, worry, fright, and evil will cease, and when evil heat is resolved, pain below the heart, cold and heat fullness, cough counterflow, dry mouth and tongue will also be eliminated. If the middle jiao is affected by damp heat, it will cause thirst; if the spleen is weak, it will cause sleepiness and abdominal distension. Turbid urination is due to damp evil affecting the spleen, thus the water pathways are not functioning. Phlegm and water in the diaphragm are all due to spleen deficiency. The middle jiao is where the spleen is treated; if the middle jiao is not treated, these diseases will appear. Promoting diuresis and strengthening the spleen will resolve these symptoms. Opening the chest, regulating organ qi, and expelling kidney evil are all functions of promoting water and eliminating dampness, resolving heat and dispersing masses. The white one enters the qi aspect, and the red one enters the blood aspect, tonifying the heart and benefiting the spleen, with white being superior to red, promoting the small intestine, specifically eliminating damp heat, while red also surpasses white.”
⑧《Bencao Zheng》: “Fú Lín can benefit the orifices and eliminate dampness, benefiting the orifices opens the mind and enhances intelligence; eliminating dampness expels water and dries the spleen, tonifying the middle strengthens the stomach; dispelling fright and seizures, thickening the intestines, treating the root of phlegm, and assisting the descending of medicines. Its taste is slightly sweet, hence it is said to tonify yang. However, tonifying is less effective than draining, hence excessive use can harm the eyes, and prolonged weakness is extremely inappropriate. If mixed with human milk and dried, the milk powder is abundant, tonifying yin is also excellent.”
⑨《Yao Pin Hua Yi》: “Bai Fú Lín, its taste is uniquely sweet and bland, sweet can tonify, bland can permeate, sweet and bland belong to earth, used to tonify spleen yin, earth is strong and generates metal, also benefits lung qi. It is indicated for disharmony of the spleen and stomach, diarrhea and abdominal distension, counterflow qi in the chest and flanks, worry and fullness, insufficient fetal qi, soul and spirit jumping, phlegm and qi in the diaphragm. Sweet tonifies, thus the spleen benefits, when the middle qi is harmonious, fluids are generated, and dry mouth and tongue are relieved. It also treats lower damp heat, turbid urination, and edema. Yellow or red urination, and difficulty in urination, are all due to evil water retention. Thus, bland and permeating can nourish the bladder, and when kidney qi is strong, blood between the waist and navel will flow, and fluids will circulate, benefiting the lung from the upper source, tonifying the spleen from the middle, allowing the qi of the spleen and lung to flow from above to below, regulating the water pathways to nourish the bladder, hence frequent urination can be stopped, and difficult urination can be relieved.”
⑩《Bencao Qiuzhen》: “Fú Lín enters the Four Gentlemen, assisting Ren and Zhú to permeate the dampness of the spleen, entering the Six Flavors, allowing Zé Xiè to expel the remaining kidney evil, making it the key medicine for promoting water and eliminating dampness. The text states that tonifying the spleen means that when water is expelled, the spleen will naturally strengthen… When water is expelled, urination will naturally open, how can there be concerns about retention? When water is expelled, the chest and diaphragm will naturally widen, and fullness and pain will not occur; when water is expelled, fluids will naturally be generated, and dry mouth and tongue will be relieved.”
⑪《Bencao Jing Shu Zheng》: “Qi moistens and moves, water moves with qi, when water is stagnant, qi is obstructed, and when qi is obstructed, water is stagnant. Fú Lín is purely used for qi, hence its treatment is related to water. Observing Zhongjing’s writings, it is evident that it can promote water according to qi obstruction (Fú Lín Gān Cǎo Decoction); it can transform qi according to water stagnation (Wǔ Línɡ Sǎn); when water and qi are reversed, it can be used to guide water and lower qi (Fú Lín Guì Zhī Gān Cǎo Dà Zǎo Decoction, Fú Lín Guì Zhī Bái Zhú Gān Cǎo Decoction); when water and qi are both obstructed above, it can be released from the side without harming the yang (Fú Lín Xìng Rén Gān Cǎo Decoction, Fú Lín Róng Yán Decoction, Fú Lín Zé Xiè Decoction); when qi is consumed externally, water is forced internally, hence it is the monarch in the qi-raising medicine (Fú Lín Sì Nì Decoction); when qi is obstructed below, water is stagnant, hence it is effective in pregnancy (Guì Zhī Fú Lín Wán, Kuí Zǐ Fú Lín Sǎn). All of these begin with yin to follow yang, spreading yang to transform yin, allowing the requesting party to be unblocked, and the turbid to naturally retreat, whether from below or from the outside, thus the purpose of using Fú Lín is to tonify rather than drain, and the use of Fú Lín is to drain rather than tonify.”
Excerpt from the “Dictionary of Chinese Medicinal Herbs”
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