Acute upper respiratory tract infection, abbreviated as “upper respiratory infection” and commonly known as “cold,” is the most common disease in children. It primarily affects the nose, nasopharynx, and throat, often diagnosed as “acute rhinitis,” “acute pharyngitis,” or “acute tonsillitis,” and can be collectively referred to as upper respiratory tract infection.
1. Common Causes
1.Pathogens: About 90% of acute upper respiratory tract infections are caused by viruses, with a minority caused by bacterial infections;
2.Constitutional Factors: Children with weakened immune function or malnutrition are more susceptible to respiratory infections;
3.Environmental Factors: Poor care, sudden climate changes, or adverse environmental factors can disrupt the mucosal vasomotor function of the nose, leading to upper respiratory infections.
2. Key Points for Inquiry
1.Common Cold: Sudden onset; inquire about the presence of clear nasal discharge, nasal congestion, sneezing, tearing, cough, or throat discomfort; whether accompanied by poor appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, etc.; severe cases may present with high fever, chills, throat pain, etc.;
2.Acute Pharyngitis: Sudden onset; inquire about throat pain, redness and swelling of the throat, and whether there are symptoms such as fever, headache, or lethargy;
3.Acute Tonsillitis: Inquire about significant throat pain, difficulty swallowing, and whether there are symptoms such as high fever, chills, vomiting, or headache.
3. Physical Examination and Auxiliary Tests
1.Physical Examination: Nasal mucosa and throat congestion, or enlarged and congested tonsils, even purulent exudate may be observed. Sometimes gray-white vesicles and superficial ulcers may be seen on the throat and tonsils;
2.Laboratory Tests: In viral infections, white blood cell counts are normal or low; in bacterial infections, white blood cell counts are elevated.
4. Diagnostic Points
Diagnosis can be confirmed based on symptoms, physical examination, and auxiliary tests.
5. Exclude the Following Diseases
Allergic rhinitis, influenza, measles, epidemic meningitis, etc. Additionally, in children with upper respiratory infections, it is important to differentiate from gastrointestinal diseases.
6. Treatment Principles
Early treatment should focus on antiviral therapy, symptomatic management, and immune enhancement; if bacterial infection is present, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory medications should be used in conjunction.
|
Clinical Symptoms |
Symptomatic Treatment |
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Runny nose, sneezing |
Loratadine, etc. (not recommended for children under 2 years old.) |
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Nasal congestion |
Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, etc. |
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Fever, headache |
Acetaminophen, ibuprofen, etc. |
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Cough |
Dextromethorphan, ambroxol hydrochloride, etc. |
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Antiviral medications |
Antiviral oral solution, ribavirin, etc. |
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Antibacterial medications |
Amoxicillin (use with caution in children under 3 months), roxithromycin, etc. |
Note: Most cold and cough medications contain 15 ingredients, including: pseudoephedrine, ephedrine, deoxymethedrine, oxymetazoline, xylometazoline, antihistamines such as diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine, promethazine, triprolidine, and cough suppressants such as dextromethorphan, pholcodine, as well as expectorants like guaifenesin and emetics. Medications containing these 15 ingredients are prohibited for infants under 2 years old, and should be used with caution in children under 6 years old.
7. Related Sales
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Category |
Symptomatic Treatment |
|
|
Main Medication |
Viral Infection |
Such as antiviral oral solution, ribavirin granules |
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Bacterial Infection |
Such as amoxicillin granules, cefaclor granules, roxithromycin granules |
|
|
Adjuvant Medication |
Symptomatic Management Relieve Symptoms |
Such as pediatric acetaminophen granules, pediatric cold detox granules |
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Such as pediatric throat granules, pediatric clear throat granules |
||
|
Related Medications |
Enhance Immunity |
Such as compound vitamin drops, vitamin C effervescent tablets, colostrum, Yuhongfeng granules |
In treatment, address the symptoms urgently, first using symptomatic medications to relieve fever, headache, dizziness, runny nose, etc.; if there is a combined infection, use antibiotics to eliminate inflammation and bacteria, achieving better therapeutic effects.Children have weaker gastrointestinal function, and medications can easily cause gastrointestinal side effects, emphasizing the importance of treatment duration to prevent drug-induced diseases.
8. Professional Tips
1. Pay attention to rest and hydration, and maintain a light diet;
2. Prompt treatment to avoid delaying the condition;
3. Ensure good ventilation in the living environment and maintain indoor hygiene;
4. During epidemic seasons, pay attention to isolation to prevent cross-infection.
(This article is for professional reference only)
Author from the “Pharmacy People” WeChat public account (yaodianren520
Section 10: Blood-Activating and Stasis-Removing Herbs. All herbs that primarily promote blood circulation, enhance blood flow, and dissipate blood stasis are called blood-activating and stasis-removing herbs, or simply blood-activating herbs. Among them, those with stronger blood-activating and stasis-removing effects are also called blood-breaking herbs. This category of herbs is mostly warm in nature, good at dispersing, and has effects such as promoting blood flow, dispersing stasis, regulating menstruation, relieving pain, and reducing swelling, suitable for conditions of blood flow obstruction and stasis. There is a close relationship between qi and blood in the human body; when qi flows, blood flows; when qi stagnates, blood coagulates. Therefore, when using blood-activating and stasis-removing herbs, they are often combined with qi-regulating herbs to enhance the effects of promoting blood flow and dissipating stasis. This category of herbs is not suitable for women with excessive menstruation, and should be used with caution or avoided in pregnant women. 1. Blood-Activating and Pain-Relieving Herbs. Herbs that primarily activate blood and relieve pain, commonly used to treat various stasis-related pain conditions, are called blood-activating and pain-relieving herbs. These herbs can both activate blood and remove stasis, and have good pain-relieving effects. They can treat various stasis-related conditions, especially suitable for pain caused by blood stasis, such as headaches, chest and flank pain, abdominal pain, dysmenorrhea, postpartum abdominal pain, arthralgia, and traumatic injuries. Blood-activating and pain-relieving herbs each have their characteristics; some are warm and pungent, while others are cold and pungent, and many also have qi-regulating effects. Chuanxiong (Chuanxiong Rhizome) is the rhizome of the perennial herb of the Umbelliferae family, mainly produced in Sichuan, and is cultivated artificially. It can be used raw or stir-fried with wine. 【Properties and Channels】 Pungent, warm. Enters the liver, gallbladder, and pericardium channels. 【Functions and Indications】 Activates blood, regulates qi, dispels wind, and relieves pain. Indicated for irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea, traumatic injuries, headaches, and rheumatic pain. 【Compatibility Applications】 ① Chuanxiong combined with Danggui (Angelica Sinensis) for irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea, and traumatic injuries. This herb can activate blood, remove stasis, regulate qi, and relieve pain. ② Chuanxiong combined with Baizhi (Angelica Dahurica) for headaches due to wind-cold invasion. This herb can dispel wind and relieve pain. ③ Chuanxiong combined with Duhuo (Angelica Pubescens) for rheumatic pain. This herb can dispel wind and relieve pain. 【Dosage】 3-10 g. 【Precautions】 This herb is pungent and warm, and should not be used in cases of yin deficiency with excess heat, red tongue, and dry mouth; it is also not suitable for women with excessive menstruation and bleeding disorders. Boswellia (Frankincense) is the resin exuded from the bark of the Boswellia tree of the Burseraceae family. It is mainly produced in Somalia, Ethiopia, and other regions. It can be used raw or processed. 【Properties and Channels】 Pungent, bitter, warm. Enters the heart, liver, and spleen channels. 【Functions and Indications】 Activates blood, relieves pain, reduces swelling, and promotes tissue regeneration. Indicated for dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, traumatic injuries, and ulcerative sores. 【Compatibility Applications】 ① Boswellia combined with Danggui for dysmenorrhea and amenorrhea. This herb activates blood, removes stasis, and regulates qi. ② Boswellia combined with Myrrh for ulcerative sores. This herb can reduce swelling, relieve pain, and promote tissue regeneration. 【Dosage】 3-10 g. 【Precautions】 Use with caution in those with weak stomachs, and avoid in cases of no stasis and in pregnant women; dosage should not be excessive, and prolonged use is not recommended. Myrrh is the resin exuded from the bark of the Myrrh tree or other plants of the same family. It is mainly produced in Somalia, Ethiopia, and India. It can be used raw or processed. 【Properties and Channels】 Pungent, bitter, neutral. Enters the heart, liver, and spleen channels. 【Functions and Indications】 Activates blood, relieves pain, reduces swelling, and promotes tissue regeneration. Indicated for amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, traumatic injuries, and stomach pain. 【Compatibility Applications】 Myrrh combined with Boswellia for amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea. Both herbs complement each other, enhancing the effects of activating blood and relieving pain. 【Dosage】 3-10 g. 【Precautions】 Use with caution in those with weak stomachs, and avoid in cases of no stasis and in pregnant women; dosage should not be excessive, and prolonged use is not recommended. Yanhusuo (Corydalis) is the tuber of the perennial herb of the Papaveraceae family. It is mainly produced in Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and Hubei. It can be used raw or processed with vinegar. 【Properties and Channels】 Pungent, bitter, warm. Enters the liver and spleen channels. 【Functions and Indications】 Activates blood, regulates qi, and relieves pain. Indicated for chest, abdominal, and limb pain. 【Compatibility Applications】 Yanhusuo combined with Chuanlianzi (Melia Toosendan) for qi stagnation and blood stasis causing abdominal pain. This herb can activate blood and regulate qi, providing good pain relief. 【Dosage】 5-10 g. 【Precautions】 Processing with vinegar can enhance its pain-relieving effects. Yujin (Curcuma) is the rhizome of the herb of the Zingiberaceae family. It is mainly produced in Sichuan and other regions. It can be used raw. 【Properties and Channels】 Pungent, bitter, warm. Enters the liver and spleen channels. 【Functions and Indications】 Breaks blood, regulates qi, opens the meridians, and relieves pain. Indicated for qi stagnation and blood stasis, and rheumatic pain. 【Compatibility Applications】 ① Yujin combined with Danggui for chest and abdominal pain due to qi stagnation and blood stasis. This herb can soothe the liver, regulate qi to relieve depression, and activate blood to remove stasis to relieve pain. ② Yujin combined with Shichangpu (Acorus) for damp-heat obstructing the clear orifices, causing chest and abdominal fullness, and unclear consciousness. This herb can cool blood, clear the heart, and regulate qi to relieve depression. ③ Yujin combined with Mudanpi (Paeonia Suffruticosa) for blood-heat causing vomiting, nosebleeds, and hematuria with stasis. 【Dosage】 6-12 g. 【Precautions】 Avoid using with cloves; Yujin should not be used with cloves or mother cloves. Turmeric is the rhizome of the herb of the Zingiberaceae family. It is mainly produced in Sichuan and other regions. It can be used raw. 【Properties and Channels】 Pungent, bitter, warm. Enters the liver and spleen channels. 【Functions and Indications】 Breaks blood, regulates qi, opens the meridians, and relieves pain. Indicated for qi stagnation and blood stasis, and rheumatic pain. 【Compatibility Applications】 ① Turmeric combined with Danggui for chest and abdominal pain due to qi stagnation and blood stasis. This herb can break blood, regulate qi, and relieve pain. ② Turmeric combined with Qianghuo (Notopterygium) for rheumatic pain. This herb can disperse wind-cold externally and internally regulate qi and blood, excelling in activating blood and relieving pain. 【Dosage】 5-10 g. 【Precautions】 Use with caution in cases of blood deficiency. 2. Blood-Activating and Menstruation-Regulating Herbs. Commonly used to treat gynecological conditions of blood stasis, these herbs are called blood-activating and menstruation-regulating herbs, suitable for women with irregular menstruation, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, postpartum lochia retention, and postpartum abdominal pain due to stasis. Danshen (Salvia Miltiorrhiza) is the root of the perennial herb of the Lamiaceae family. It is mainly produced in Jiangsu, Anhui, and Sichuan. It can be used raw or processed with wine. 【Properties and Channels】 Bitter, slightly cold. Enters the heart and liver channels. 【Functions and Indications】 Activates blood, removes stasis, cools blood, and nourishes the heart. Indicated for irregular menstruation, blood stasis amenorrhea, sores, and abscesses. 【Compatibility Applications】 ① Danshen combined with Honghua (Carthamus) for irregular menstruation and blood stasis amenorrhea. This herb can activate blood and remove stasis. ② Danshen combined with Jinyinhua (Lonicera) for sores and abscesses. ③ Danshen combined with Shengdi (Rehmannia) for warm diseases with heat entering the blood. This herb can activate blood and cool blood. 【Dosage】 5-15 g. 【Precautions】 Avoid using with Li Lu (Veratrum) and do not use with Li Lu. Yimucao (Leonurus) is the aerial part of the annual or biennial herb of the Lamiaceae family. It is produced nationwide. It can be used raw, steamed with wine, or made into a paste. 【Properties and Channels】 Pungent, bitter, slightly cold. Enters the liver, pericardium, and bladder channels. 【Functions and Indications】 Activates blood, removes stasis, promotes urination, and reduces swelling. Indicated for irregular menstruation, amenorrhea, traumatic injuries, difficulty urinating, and edema. 【Compatibility Applications】 ① Yimucao combined with Danggui for irregular menstruation and amenorrhea. This herb can activate blood and remove stasis to regulate menstruation. ② Yimucao used alone for difficulty urinating and edema. This herb can promote urination and reduce swelling. 【Dosage】 10-15 g. 【Precautions】 Use with caution in pregnant women. Jixueteng (Spatholobus) is the vine stem of the leguminous plant. It is mainly produced in Guangxi and Yunnan. It can be used raw or made into a paste or glue. 【Properties and Channels】 Bitter, sweet, warm. Enters the liver and kidney channels. 【Functions and Indications】 Promotes blood circulation, nourishes blood, and relaxes tendons and meridians. Indicated for irregular menstruation, blood deficiency amenorrhea, joint pain, and rheumatic pain. 【Compatibility Applications】 ① Jixueteng combined with Danggui and Chuanxiong for irregular menstruation and blood deficiency amenorrhea. This herb can both activate blood and nourish blood, and has the effect of relaxing tendons and meridians. ② Jixueteng combined with Duzhong (Eucommia) for joint pain and rheumatic pain. This herb can relax tendons and meridians. 【Dosage】 10-15 g. 【Precautions】 Use with caution in pregnant women. Taoren (Peach Kernel) is the mature seed of the peach or mountain peach tree of the Rosaceae family. The former is produced nationwide, mostly cultivated; the latter is wild in Liaoning, Hebei, and other regions. It can be used raw or stir-fried. 【Properties and Channels】 Pungent, bitter, neutral. Enters the heart, liver, and large intestine channels. 【Functions and Indications】 Activates blood, removes stasis, and moistens the intestines to relieve constipation. Indicated for dysmenorrhea, blood stasis amenorrhea, traumatic injuries, lung abscess, intestinal abscess, and constipation. 【Compatibility Applications】 ① Taoren combined with Honghua for dysmenorrhea, blood deficiency amenorrhea, traumatic injuries, and pain due to stasis. This herb has a strong ability to activate blood and remove stasis. ② Taoren combined with Huo Ma Ren (Cannabis) for constipation. This herb can moisten the intestines and relieve constipation. 【Dosage】 6-10 g. 【Precautions】 Use with caution in those with spleen deficiency and loose stools, and avoid in pregnant women. Honghua (Carthamus) is the flower of the annual herb of the Asteraceae family. It is mainly produced in Henan, Zhejiang, and Sichuan. It can be used raw. 【Properties and Channels】 Pungent, warm. Enters the heart and liver channels. 【Functions and Indications】 Activates blood, removes stasis, and regulates menstruation. Indicated for dysmenorrhea, blood stasis amenorrhea, traumatic injuries, and dark-colored rashes. 【Compatibility Applications】 ① Honghua combined with Taoren for dysmenorrhea, blood deficiency amenorrhea, traumatic injuries, and pain due to stasis. This herb can activate blood and remove stasis, regulating the meridians. ② Honghua combined with Zicao (Lithospermum) for dark-colored rashes. This herb can activate blood and remove stasis to resolve stagnation. 【Dosage】 3-10 g. 【Precautions】 Avoid in pregnant women. Niuxi (Achyranthes) is the root of the perennial herb of the Amaranthaceae family. The former is mainly produced in Henan, Hebei, Shanxi, and the latter in Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guizhou. It can be used raw, stir-fried with wine, or salted. 【Properties and Channels】 Bitter, sweet, sour, neutral. Enters the liver and kidney channels. 【Functions and Indications】 Activates blood, removes stasis, nourishes the liver and kidney, strengthens tendons and bones, promotes urination, and relieves dysuria. Indicated for irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, traumatic injuries, lumbar and knee pain, hematuria, dysuria, vomiting blood, and dizziness. 【Compatibility Applications】 ① Niuxi combined with Honghua for irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea, and blood stasis amenorrhea. This herb can activate blood and remove stasis. ② Niuxi combined with Duzhong for lumbar and knee pain. This herb can nourish the liver and kidney, strengthen tendons and bones, and promote blood circulation to relieve joint pain. ③ Niuxi combined with Huashi (Talc) for hematuria and dysuria. This herb can promote urination and remove stasis to relieve dysuria. 【Dosage】 6-15 g. 【Precautions】 Avoid in pregnant women and those with excessive menstruation. Zalan (Lycopus) is the stem and leaves of the perennial herb of the Lamiaceae family. It is mainly produced in Heilongjiang and Liaoning. It can be used raw. 【Properties and Channels】 Pungent, bitter, slightly warm. Enters the liver and spleen channels. 【Functions and Indications】 Activates blood, removes stasis, promotes urination, and reduces swelling. Indicated for blood stasis amenorrhea, postpartum abdominal pain, traumatic injuries, postpartum dysuria, and edema. 【Compatibility Applications】 ① Zalan combined with Danggui for blood stasis amenorrhea and postpartum abdominal pain. This herb can activate blood and remove stasis. ② Zalan combined with Honghua for traumatic injuries and swelling. This herb can remove stasis and relieve swelling. ③ Zalan combined with Fangji (Stephania) for postpartum dysuria and edema. This herb can promote urination and reduce swelling. 【Dosage】 10-15 g. 【Precautions】 Use with caution in pregnant women. Yuelihua (Rose) is the dried flower of the rose plant of the Rosaceae family. It is produced nationwide. It can be harvested throughout the year, preferably when the flowers are slightly open, and dried in the shade or at low temperatures. 【Properties and Channels】 Sweet, warm. Enters the liver channel. 【Functions and Indications】 Activates blood, regulates menstruation, and reduces swelling. Indicated for amenorrhea, chest and abdominal distension, and scrofula. 【Compatibility Applications】 ① Yuelihua combined with Danggui for liver qi stagnation causing menstrual obstruction, chest and abdominal distension, and amenorrhea. This herb can activate blood and regulate menstruation. ② Yuelihua combined with Xiakucao (Plantago) for scrofula. This herb can activate blood and reduce swelling. 【Dosage】 3-6 g. 【Precautions】 Use with caution in those with spleen and stomach deficiency, and in pregnant women. Lingxiaohua (Campsis) is the dried flower of the plant of the Bignoniaceae family. It is produced nationwide. The flowers bloom in summer and autumn, and are harvested and dried. 【Properties and Channels】 Sweet, sour, cold. Enters the liver and pericardium channels. 【Functions and Indications】 Activates blood, breaks stasis, cools blood, and dispels wind. Indicated for blood stasis amenorrhea and skin itching. 【Compatibility Applications】 ① Lingxiaohua combined with Danggui for blood stasis amenorrhea. This herb can disperse and activate blood to break stasis. ② Lingxiaohua combined with Bai Jizhi (Tribulus) for blood heat causing wind, resulting in itching all over. This herb can cool blood and dispel wind. 【Dosage】 3-10 g. 【Precautions】 Avoid in pregnant women. Wangbuliuxing (Vaccaria) is the seed of the annual or biennial herb of the Caryophyllaceae family. It is mainly produced in Hebei and other regions. It can be used raw or stir-fried. 【Properties and Channels】 Bitter, neutral. Enters the liver and stomach channels. 【Functions and Indications】 Activates blood, regulates menstruation, and promotes lactation. Indicated for dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, insufficient lactation, and breast abscess. 【Compatibility Applications】 ① Wangbuliuxing combined with Danggui for dysmenorrhea and amenorrhea. This herb can activate blood and regulate menstruation. ② Wangbuliuxing combined with Chuan Shanzhi (Manis) for insufficient lactation. This herb can promote lactation. 【Dosage】 6-10 g. 【Precautions】 Use with caution in pregnant women. 3. Blood-Activating and Stasis-Removing Herbs. Herbs that primarily break blood and remove stasis, commonly used to dissipate masses and accumulations, are called blood-activating and stasis-removing herbs. This category of herbs is suitable for conditions of long-standing and severe blood stasis, especially for masses and accumulations. These herbs are potent and can easily consume blood and move blood; they should be avoided in cases of bleeding disorders or deficiency syndromes, especially in pregnant women. Chuan Shanzhi (Manis) is the scales of the pangolin of the family Manidae. It is mainly produced in Guangxi, Yunnan, and Guangdong. It is processed by frying with sand until it becomes loose and yellow, or fried and then soaked in vinegar, and dried for later use. 【Properties and Channels】 Salty, slightly cold. Enters the liver and stomach channels. 【Functions and Indications】 Activates blood, regulates menstruation, promotes lactation, and reduces swelling. Indicated for blood stasis amenorrhea, rheumatic pain, insufficient lactation, abscesses, and scrofula. 【Compatibility Applications】 ① Chuan Shanzhi combined with Honghua for amenorrhea. This herb can activate blood and regulate menstruation. ② Chuan Shanzhi combined with Zao Jiao (Gleditsia) for abscesses. This herb can reduce swelling and promote pus drainage. ③ Chuan Shanzhi combined with Wangbuliuxing for insufficient lactation. This herb can promote lactation. 【Dosage】 3-10 g. 【Precautions】 Use with caution in cases of ulceration or bleeding, and avoid in pregnant women. E Zhu (Curcuma) is the rhizome of the perennial herb of the Zingiberaceae family. It is mainly produced in Sichuan, Fujian, and Guangdong. It can be used raw or processed with vinegar. 【Properties and Channels】 Pungent, bitter, warm. Enters the liver and spleen channels. 【Functions and Indications】 Breaks blood, removes stasis, regulates qi, and relieves pain. Indicated for qi stagnation and blood stasis, food stagnation, and abdominal distension. 【Compatibility Applications】 ① E Zhu combined with Sanleng (Sparganium) for abdominal pain due to qi stagnation and blood stasis. This herb can break blood, remove stasis, and relieve pain. ② E Zhu combined with Muxiang (Aucklandia) and Shan Zha (Crataegus) for food stagnation and abdominal distension. This herb can regulate qi and relieve pain. 【Dosage】 3-10 g. 【Precautions】 Avoid in cases of excessive menstruation and in pregnant women; do not use for prolonged periods. 3. Blood-Activating and Hemostasis Herbs. Herbs that can stop internal and external bleeding are called hemostatic herbs. These herbs are characterized by their ability to stop bleeding, and can be classified into different types based on their cooling, astringent, and blood-moving properties. They are mainly used for bleeding disorders such as hemoptysis, epistaxis, hematemesis, hematuria, and traumatic bleeding. There are different actions such as cooling blood to stop bleeding, astringing to stop bleeding, transforming stasis to stop bleeding, and warming the meridians to stop bleeding. When using cooling and astringent hemostatic herbs, it is essential to check for the presence of blood stasis; if blood stasis is present, blood-activating and stasis-removing herbs should be added to avoid leaving residual stasis. 1. Cooling Hemostatic Herbs. These herbs are generally cold in nature, with bitter and sweet flavors, where bitterness indicates clearing and sweet relates to nourishing. They are suitable for bleeding disorders caused by blood heat. These herbs are cold and can easily cool excessively, harming yang and leaving stasis, so they should not be overused. Dajie (Cirsium) is the aerial part or root of the perennial herb of the Asteraceae family. It is produced nationwide. It can be used raw or charred. 【Properties and Channels】 Sweet, bitter, cool. Enters the heart and liver channels. 【Functions and Indications】 Cools blood, stops bleeding, disperses stasis, and reduces swelling. Indicated for hemoptysis, epistaxis, menorrhagia, hematuria, and abscesses. 【Compatibility Applications】 ① Dajie combined with Xiaojie (Cirsium) for hemoptysis, epistaxis, menorrhagia, and hematuria. This herb can cool blood and stop bleeding. ② Dajie used alone for abscesses. This herb can disperse stasis and reduce swelling. 【Dosage】 10-15 g. 【Xiaojie (Cirsium) is the aerial part of the perennial herb of the Asteraceae family. It is produced nationwide. It can be used raw or charred. 【Properties and Channels】 Sweet, bitter, cool. Enters the heart and liver channels. 【Functions and Indications】 Cools blood, stops bleeding, and detoxifies. Indicated for hemoptysis, epistaxis, hematemesis, menorrhagia, hematuria, and heat toxin abscesses. 【Compatibility Applications】 ① Xiaojie combined with Dajie for hemoptysis, epistaxis, hematemesis, menorrhagia, and hematuria. This herb can cool blood and stop bleeding. ② Xiaojie used alone for heat toxin abscesses. This herb can detoxify and reduce swelling. 【Dosage】 10-15 g. 【Precautions】 Use with caution in cases of deficiency-cold bleeding, diarrhea, menorrhagia, and bleeding with stasis. For extensive burns, do not use Dajie preparations externally. Zhi Ma Gen (Urtica) is the root of the perennial herb of the Urticaceae family. It is produced in central, southern, and southwestern China. It can be used raw. 【Properties and Channels】 Sweet, cold. Enters the heart, liver, and kidney channels. 【Functions and Indications】 Cools blood, stops bleeding, calms the fetus, promotes urination, and detoxifies. Indicated for hemoptysis, epistaxis, menorrhagia, hematuria, and purpura, as well as for fetal restlessness and damp-heat downward flow. 【Compatibility Applications】 ① Zhi Ma Gen used alone for hemoptysis, epistaxis, menorrhagia, and hematuria. This herb can cool blood and stop bleeding. ② Zhi Ma Gen combined with Huangqin (Scutellaria) for fetal restlessness. This herb can clear heat and calm the fetus. ③ Zhi Ma Gen combined with Cheqianzi (Plantago) for damp-heat downward flow, causing dysuria and difficulty urinating. This herb can clear heat and promote urination. 【Dosage】 10-30 g. 【Baimai Gen (Imperata) is the root of the perennial herb of the Poaceae family. It is produced nationwide. It can be used raw or charred. 【Properties and Channels】 Sweet, cold. Enters the lung, stomach, and bladder channels. 【Functions and Indications】 Cools blood, stops bleeding, and promotes urination. Indicated for hemoptysis, epistaxis, hematemesis, hematuria, and heat dysuria, as well as for edema, damp-heat jaundice. 【Compatibility Applications】 ① Baimai Gen combined with Xianhecao (Agrimonia) for hemoptysis, epistaxis, hematemesis. This herb can cool blood and stop bleeding. ② Baimai Gen combined with Cheqianzi for heat dysuria, difficulty urinating, and damp-heat jaundice. This herb can clear heat and promote urination. 【Dosage】 15-30 g. 【Huaihua (Sophora) is the flower bud of the tree of the Fabaceae family. It is cultivated in most regions. It can be used raw or charred. 【Properties and Channels】 Bitter, slightly cold. Enters the liver and large intestine channels. 【Functions and Indications】 Cools blood and stops bleeding. Indicated for various bleeding disorders. 【Compatibility Applications】 Huaihua combined with Dajie for hematuria and hemorrhoidal bleeding. This herb can cool blood and stop bleeding. 【Dosage】 10-15 g. 【Precautions】 Use with caution in cases of spleen and stomach deficiency-cold and yin deficiency with heat without real fire. Cebaiye (Platycladus) is the tender branch and leaf of the tree of the Cupressaceae family. It is produced nationwide. It can be used raw or charred. 【Properties and Channels】 Bitter, astringent, cold. Enters the lung, liver, and spleen channels. 【Functions and Indications】 Cools blood, stops bleeding, and dispels phlegm. Indicated for hemoptysis, epistaxis, menorrhagia, hematuria, and various bleeding disorders, as well as cough with phlegm. 【Compatibility Applications】 Cebaiye combined with Dajie and Xiaojie for hemoptysis, epistaxis, menorrhagia, and hematuria. This herb can cool blood and stop bleeding. 【Dosage】 10-15 g. 【2. Astringent Hemostatic Herbs. These herbs primarily function to stop bleeding and also have astringent properties, and are generally mild in nature. They are suitable for various bleeding disorders without obvious pathogenic factors. For those with strong astringent properties, caution should be exercised in cases of blood stasis and real pathogenic factors. Zizhuye (Lantana) is the dried leaf of the plant of the Verbenaceae family. It is mainly produced in Guangdong and Guangxi. It is harvested in summer and autumn when the branches and leaves are lush, dried, and cut. The best quality has complete leaves and tender texture. 【Properties and Channels】 Bitter, astringent, cool. Enters the liver, lung, and stomach channels. 【Functions and Indications】 Astringent, stops bleeding, detoxifies, and heals sores. Indicated for hemoptysis, epistaxis, hematemesis, menorrhagia, hematuria, and abscesses. 【Compatibility Applications】 ① Zizhuye used alone for hemoptysis, epistaxis, hematemesis, menorrhagia, and hematuria. This herb can astringe and stop bleeding. ② Zizhuye used externally for burns and abscesses. This herb can detoxify. 【Dosage】 10-15 g. 【Xianhecao (Agrimonia) is the dried aerial part of the plant of the Rosaceae family. It is mainly produced in Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and Hubei. It is harvested in summer and autumn when the stems and leaves are lush, dried, and cut. The best quality has a reddish-brown color, tender texture, and abundant leaves. 【Properties and Channels】 Bitter, astringent, neutral. Enters the heart and liver channels. 【Functions and Indications】 Astringent, stops bleeding, relieves diarrhea, and kills parasites. Indicated for hemoptysis, hematemesis, epistaxis, menorrhagia, hematuria, diarrhea, dysentery, and trichomonas vaginitis. 【Compatibility Applications】 ① Xianhecao combined with Cebaiye for hemoptysis, hematemesis, epistaxis, menorrhagia, and hematuria. This herb can astringe and stop bleeding. ② Xianhecao combined with Muxiang (Aucklandia) for diarrhea and dysentery. This herb can astringe and stop diarrhea. ③ Xianhecao used alone for trichomonas vaginitis. 【Dosage】 10-15 g. 【Bai Ji (Bletilla) is the tuber of the perennial herb of the Orchidaceae family. It is mainly produced in Guizhou and Sichuan. It can be used raw. 【Properties and Channels】 Bitter, sweet, astringent, slightly cold. Enters the lung, stomach, and liver channels. 【Functions and Indications】 Astringent, stops bleeding, reduces swelling, and promotes tissue regeneration. Indicated for hemoptysis, hematemesis, and external bleeding, as well as for abscesses and swelling. 【Compatibility Applications】 ① Bai Ji combined with Oujie (Lotus) for hemoptysis and hematemesis. This herb can astringe and stop bleeding. ② Bai Ji combined with Jinyinhua (Lonicera) for abscesses and swelling. This herb can reduce swelling and promote tissue regeneration. 【Dosage】 3-10 g. 【Precautions】 Avoid using with Wutou (Aconitum) and do not use with Chuanwu, Zhiwu, or Fuzi. Palm Charcoal is a processed product of the leaf stalks of the palm plant. It is mainly produced in southern, eastern, and southwestern China. It is used for carbonization. 【Properties and Channels】 Astringent, bitter, neutral. Enters the lung, liver, and large intestine channels. 【Functions and Indications】 Astringent, stops bleeding. Indicated for hemoptysis, epistaxis, menorrhagia, and hematuria. 【Compatibility Applications】 Palm Charcoal combined with Dajie and Xiaojie for hemoptysis, epistaxis, menorrhagia, and hematuria. This herb can astringe and stop bleeding. 【Dosage】 3-10 g. 【Precautions】 This herb has strong astringent properties; use with caution in cases of bleeding with stasis and initial stages of damp-heat diarrhea. Xueyu Charcoal is a processed product of human hair. It is carbonized. 【Properties and Channels】 Bitter, neutral. Enters the liver and stomach channels. 【Functions and Indications】 Stops bleeding, disperses stasis, nourishes yin, and promotes urination. Indicated for hemoptysis, epistaxis, hematemesis, hematuria, menorrhagia, and dysuria, as well as for difficulty urinating. 【Compatibility Applications】 ① Xueyu Charcoal combined with Dajie and Xiaojie for hemoptysis, epistaxis, menorrhagia, and hematuria. This herb can astringe and stop bleeding, and also disperse stasis. ② Xueyu Charcoal combined with Huashi for dysuria. This herb can nourish yin and promote urination. 【Dosage】 6-10 g. 【Lotus Node is the node of the rhizome of the perennial aquatic plant of the Nymphaeaceae family. It is mainly produced in Zhejiang and other regions. It can be used raw or charred. 【Properties and Channels】 Sweet, astringent, neutral. Enters the liver, lung, and stomach channels. 【Functions and Indications】 Astringent, stops bleeding. Indicated for various bleeding disorders. 【Compatibility Applications】 Lotus Node combined with Bai Ji for hematemesis and hemoptysis. This herb can astringe and stop bleeding. 【Dosage】 10-15 g. 3. Hemostatic and Stasis-Removing Herbs. Herbs that can both stop bleeding and activate blood are called hemostatic and stasis-removing herbs, suitable for bleeding disorders caused by blood stasis. These herbs are mostly pungent in flavor, and their properties can be warm or cold, mainly entering the liver and heart channels. Sanqi (Panax Notoginseng) is the root of the perennial herb of the Araliaceae family. It is mainly produced in Yunnan and Guangxi. It is mostly cultivated. The spring Sanqi is harvested before flowering in late summer and early autumn, while the winter Sanqi is harvested after the fruit matures in autumn and winter, with the former being preferred. 【Properties and Channels】 Sweet, slightly bitter, warm. Enters the liver and stomach channels. 【Functions and Indications】 Activates blood, stops bleeding, and relieves pain. Indicated for various bleeding disorders, traumatic injuries, and stasis-related swelling and pain. 【Compatibility Applications】 ① Sanqi combined with Xueyu Charcoal or used alone for hemoptysis, epistaxis, menorrhagia, and hematuria. This herb has excellent hemostatic effects and can activate blood and remove stasis, particularly suitable for bleeding with stasis. ② Sanqi combined with Chuanxiong or used alone for traumatic injuries and stasis-related swelling and pain. This herb has the ability to activate blood, remove stasis, and relieve swelling and pain. 【Dosage】 3-10 g. 【Precautions】 Use with caution in pregnant women; this herb is warm in nature, and in cases of bleeding with yin deficiency and dry mouth, it should be combined with herbs that nourish yin and cool blood. Qincao (Rubia) is the root of the perennial herb of the Rubiaceae family. It is mainly produced in Anhui and other regions. It can be used raw or processed. 【Properties and Channels】 Bitter, cold. Enters the liver channel. 【Functions and Indications】 Cools blood, stops bleeding, and activates blood to remove stasis. Indicated for various bleeding disorders, traumatic injuries, blood stasis amenorrhea, and joint pain. 【Compatibility Applications】 ① Qincao combined with Dajie, Xiaojie, and Cebaiye for various bleeding disorders. This herb can cool blood and stop bleeding, and also activate blood to remove stasis. ② Qincao combined with Danggui and Xiangfu (Cyperus) for amenorrhea. This herb can activate blood and remove stasis. 【Dosage】 10-15 g. 【Puhuang (Typha) is the pollen of the perennial aquatic plant of the Typhaceae family. It is mainly produced in Jiangsu and other regions. It can be used raw or processed. 【Properties and Channels】 Sweet, neutral. Enters the liver and heart channels. 【Functions and Indications】 Astringent, stops bleeding, and activates blood to remove stasis. Indicated for hemoptysis, epistaxis, hematemesis, hematuria, menorrhagia, and traumatic bleeding, as well as postpartum stasis pain and dysmenorrhea. 【Compatibility Applications】 ① Puhuang combined with Xianhecao for hemoptysis, epistaxis, hematemesis, hematuria, and menorrhagia. This herb is good at astringing and stopping bleeding. ② Puhuang combined with Wulingzhi (Sparganium) for postpartum stasis pain and dysmenorrhea. This herb can activate blood and remove stasis. 【Dosage】 3-10 g, wrapped for decoction. 【Precautions】 Avoid in pregnant women. Huashuishi (Flower Stone) is a type of metamorphic rock containing serpentine marble. It is mainly produced in Jiangsu and Zhejiang. It can be harvested throughout the year. It is often calcined, ground into powder, and used after water flying. 【Properties and Channels】 Sour, astringent, neutral. Enters the liver channel. 【Functions and Indications】 Stops bleeding and transforms stasis. Indicated for various internal bleeding disorders. 【Compatibility Applications】 Huashuishi combined with Sanqi for hemoptysis, hematemesis, and other internal bleeding with stasis. This herb can stop bleeding and transform stasis. 【Dosage】 10-15 g. 【Wulingzhi (Sparganium) is the feces of the dormouse of the family Gliridae. It is mainly produced in Hebei and other regions. It can be harvested throughout the year. It is processed with vinegar or wine. 【Properties and Channels】 Sweet, bitter, salty, warm. Enters the liver channel. 【Functions and Indications】 Activates blood, relieves pain, transforms stasis, and stops bleeding. Indicated for dysmenorrhea, blood stasis amenorrhea, menorrhagia, chest pain, and other conditions. 【Compatibility Applications】 ① Wulingzhi combined with Puhuang for dysmenorrhea, blood deficiency amenorrhea, and chest pain. This herb can activate blood, remove stasis, and relieve pain. ② Wulingzhi combined with Sanqi for women with excessive menstruation. This herb can transform stasis and stop bleeding. 【Dosage】 3-10 g. 【Precautions】 Use with caution in pregnant women. Jiangxiang (Sandalwood) is the heartwood of the tree of the Santalaceae family. It is mainly produced in Guangdong and Guangxi. It can be used raw. 【Properties and Channels】 Pungent, warm. Enters the liver and spleen channels. 【Functions and Indications】 Activates blood, removes stasis, and stops bleeding. Indicated for chest and flank pain due to qi stagnation and blood stasis, traumatic injuries, and bleeding.
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