Classification of Human Constitution in Traditional Chinese Medicine
The classification of human constitution in TCM includes Yin deficiency and Yang deficiency, Yin deficiency with Liver heat: Yang excess constitution, Yin deficiency constitution, Blood stasis constitution, Phlegm-damp constitution, and Qi stagnation constitution. First, it is essential to understand what type of constitution one belongs to, such as Yin deficiency, Yang deficiency, or Yin deficiency with Yang excess, etc. Only then can one apply dietary therapy according to their constitution. The modern clinical classification of constitution is as follows:
1. Yang Excess Constitution: Individuals who are strong, loud, and active belong to the Yang excess constitution. Such people generally prefer coolness and dislike heat, have a strong spirit and energy, feel thirsty and prefer cold drinks, have yellow urine and constipation, and when ill, are prone to high fever. Their pulse is rapid and strong, and their tongue is red with a thin yellow coating. People with this constitution are less prone to illness; when they do get sick, it is often acute or explosive. Therefore, in terms of diet, they should consume nourishing Yin and light foods; they should also engage in more physical activity to quickly disperse the accumulated Yang energy. If conditions permit, daily baths in cool springs or hot springs are recommended to clear excess heat and appropriately replenish the consumed Yin.
2. Yin Deficiency Constitution: Individuals of this constitution are often thin, with a reddish complexion or flushed cheeks, frequently experiencing a sensation of heat, warm hands and feet, dry mouth and throat, and a preference for cold drinks. Their lips are slightly dry, they are prone to colds in winter, and feel uncomfortable in summer heat. Their tongue is red with little or no coating, and their pulse is thin and wiry or rapid. According to TCM expert Qin Bo-Wei, those with this constitution should take He Shou Wu (Polygonum multiflorum) longevity pills long-term, as this formula has the advantages of not being greasy, cold, or irritating, and it enhances appetite and promotes a relaxed and pleasant spirit.
3. Blood Stasis Constitution: Individuals typically have a dull complexion, dark lips, and skin with a rough texture, often showing a tendency to bleed, with local bruises or fixed pain in certain body parts, or lumps that do not move when pushed. Their tongue may have purple spots or dots, and their pulse is thin and choppy or may have intermittent beats. For this constitution, it is crucial to promote the smooth flow of Qi and blood; therefore, regular physical exercise is recommended, along with a diet rich in foods that invigorate blood circulation. Treatment should focus on invigorating blood and Qi.
4. Phlegm-Damp Constitution: Individuals are usually overweight, have a preference for rich and fatty foods, are lethargic, and dislike movement, often experiencing a sticky sensation in the mouth. They tend to eat a lot, sweat profusely, and are sensitive to both heat and cold, with poor adaptability. When ill, they may experience chest tightness, cough with phlegm, nausea, vomiting, loose stools, or edema in the limbs. Their tongue may be coated with a thick, greasy layer, and their pulse is slippery or soft. Such individuals should engage in more physical activities to help firm up their loose flesh. In terms of medication, warming herbs should be used for tonification, and they should avoid overeating and rich foods.
5. Qi Stagnation Constitution: Individuals may be thin or slightly overweight, with a sallow or dark complexion, and are often irritable, easily excited, or prone to depression and unhappiness, experiencing chest tightness and a desire to sigh. When ill, they may have chest or flank pain, breast or lower abdominal distension, irregular menstruation, or dysmenorrhea; they may feel a lump in the throat as if something is stuck; or experience headaches and dizziness due to Qi counterflow. Their tongue is pale red with a white coating, and their pulse is wiry. This constitution is similar to what is referred to as a depressive type in modern terms. Treatment should focus on soothing the liver and regulating Qi; regular travel is recommended to promote a cheerful disposition, along with listening to uplifting music to enhance mood; moderate alcohol consumption is also suggested.
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