“Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) refers to the collective term for traditional medicinal practices in China. Unlike Western medicine and proprietary Chinese medicines, it does not have standardized usage instructions. Our application of TCM primarily references two national classics: “Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China” and “Clinical Use Guidelines of the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China”.
This article will introduce Coix Seed, making it convenient for reference and worth collecting.“
01—“Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China (2020 Edition)”
【Chinese Name】Coix Seed【Pinyin】Yiyiren【English Name】COIX SEMEN【Introduction】This product is the dried mature seed of the plant Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen (Roman) Stapf, belonging to the family Poaceae. It is harvested in autumn when the fruit matures, dried, threshed, and then further dried to remove the outer shell, yellow-brown seed coat, and impurities, collecting the seeds.【Properties】The seeds are broad oval or elongated oval in shape, measuring 4-8mm in length and 3-6mm in width. The surface is milky white and smooth, occasionally with remnants of yellow-brown seed coat; one end is bluntly rounded, while the other end is wider and slightly concave, with a light brown point-like hilum; the back is rounded and convex, and the belly has a wide and deep longitudinal groove. The texture is solid, with a white fracture surface and a powdery consistency. It has a slight aroma and a mildly sweet taste.【Identification】(1) The powder of this product is light whitish. It mainly consists of starch granules, which are single or multi-faceted, with a diameter of 2-20 μm, and the hilum is star-shaped; compound granules are rare and generally consist of 2-3 single granules.(2) Take 1g of the powder, add 30ml of petroleum ether (60-90°C), sonicate for 30 minutes, filter, and take the filtrate as the test solution. Additionally, take Coix Seed oil as a reference extract, prepare a solution containing 2mg/ml in petroleum ether (60-90°C) as the reference extract solution. Perform thin-layer chromatography (TLC) tests (General Rule 0502), applying 2μl of each solution on the same silica gel G plate, using petroleum ether (60-90°C)-ether-acetic acid (83:17:1) as the developing agent, develop, dry, and spray with 5% vanillin-sulfuric acid solution, heating at 105°C until the spots are clearly visible. In the test solution chromatogram, spots of the same color should appear at the corresponding positions as in the reference extract chromatogram.(3) Take the Coix Seed oil reference extract and triglyceride reference substance, prepare solutions containing 1mg and 0.14mg per 1ml respectively, as reference extract and reference substance solutions. Under the chromatographic conditions specified in the [Content Determination] section, take 10μl of the test solution, reference substance solution, and the aforementioned reference extract and reference substance solutions, and inject them into the liquid chromatography system. The chromatogram of the test solution should show peaks with retention times consistent with those of the reference substance; and should present seven main chromatographic peaks with retention times consistent with those of the reference extract.【Examination】Impurities must not exceed 2% (General Rule 2301).Moisture must not exceed 15.0% (General Rule 0832, Method 2).Total Ash must not exceed 3.0% (General Rule 2302).Aflatoxins are determined according to the fungal toxin determination method (General Rule 2351).This product contains no more than 5μg of aflatoxin B1 per 1000g, and the total amount of aflatoxin G2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin B2, and aflatoxin B1 must not exceed 10μg.Deoxynivalenol is determined according to the deoxynivalenol determination method (General Rule 2351).This product contains no more than 500μg of deoxynivalenol per 1000g.【Extractives】Determined by the method for determining alcohol-soluble extractives (General Rule 2201), using anhydrous ethanol as the solvent, must not be less than 5.5%.【Content Determination】Determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (General Rule 0512).Chromatographic Conditions and System Suitability Test Using octadecylsilyl-bonded silica gel as the stationary phase; acetonitrile-dichloromethane (65:35) as the mobile phase; evaporative light scattering detector for detection. Theoretical plate number calculated based on the triglyceride peak should not be less than 5000.Preparation of Reference Solution Take an appropriate amount of triglyceride reference substance, accurately weigh, and prepare a solution containing 0.14mg per 1ml using the mobile phase.Preparation of Test Solution Take about 0.6g of the powder (sieved through No. 3 sieve), accurately weigh, place in a stoppered conical flask, accurately add 50ml of the mobile phase, weigh, soak for 2 hours, sonicate (power 300W, frequency 50kHz) for 30 minutes, cool, reweigh, and use the mobile phase to make up for the weight loss, shake well, filter, and take the filtrate as the test solution.Determination Method Accurately take 5μl of the reference solution, 10μl of the test solution, and inject them into the liquid chromatography system for determination, calculating using the external standard two-point method logarithmic equation.This product, calculated on a dry basis, contains triglyceride (C57H104O6), not less than 0.50%.Herbal Pieces【Processing】Coix Seed remove impurities.【Examination】Impurities must not exceed 1%.Total Ash must not exceed 2.0%.【Properties】【Identification】【Examination】 (Moisture Aflatoxins Deoxynivalenol)【Extractives】【Content Determination】same as herbal material.Fried Coix Seed Take clean Coix Seed, fry according to the method (General Rule 0213) until slightly yellow.【Properties】This product resembles Coix Seed, slightly bulging, with a light yellow surface.【Examination】Moisture must not exceed 12.0%.Total Ash must not exceed 2.0%.【Content Determination】same as herbal material, containing triglyceride not less than 0.40%.【Identification】【Extractives】same as herbal material.【Taste and Meridian Entry】Sweet, bland, cool. Enters the Spleen, Stomach, and Lung meridians.【Functions and Indications】Promotes urination and leaches out dampness, strengthens the Spleen and stops diarrhea, dispels wind, drains pus, detoxifies and disperses nodules. Used for edema, beriberi, difficult urination, Spleen deficiency diarrhea, damp bi syndrome, lung abscess, intestinal abscess, warts, and cancerous tumors.【Dosage】9-30g.【Caution】Use with caution in pregnant women.【Storage】Store in a ventilated and dry place, prevent insect infestation.02—“Clinical Use Guidelines of the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China (2015 Edition)”
【Drug Name】Coix Seed【Pinyin】Yiyiren【Introduction】This product is the dried mature seed of the plant Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen (Roman) Stapf, mainly produced in Fujian, Hebei, and Liaoning. It is harvested in autumn when the fruit matures, dried, threshed, and then further dried to remove the outer shell, yellow-brown seed coat, and impurities, collecting the seeds. The best quality is characterized by large, plump, and white seeds.【Taste and Meridian Entry】Sweet, bland, cool. Enters the Spleen, Stomach, and Lung meridians.【Functions and Indications】Promotes urination and leaches out dampness, strengthens the Spleen and stops diarrhea, dispels wind, drains pus, detoxifies and disperses nodules. Used for edema, beriberi, difficult urination, Spleen deficiency diarrhea, damp bi syndrome, lung abscess, intestinal abscess, warts, and cancerous tumors.【Effect Analysis】Coix Seed is mild in promoting urination and leaching out dampness, sweet to benefit the Spleen, and is particularly suitable for those with Spleen deficiency and damp stagnation. It primarily enters the Spleen and Stomach meridians, effectively leaching out Spleen dampness while also tonifying the Spleen to stop diarrhea, making it an excellent choice for treating edema and abdominal distension due to Spleen deficiency and dampness, beriberi, difficult urination, and poor appetite with diarrhea.Coix Seed is adept at dispelling dampness from the muscles and bones, alleviating bi syndrome, and easing spasms. Therefore, it can be used for chronic bi syndrome and muscle spasms.Coix Seed is cool in nature, capable of clearing heat and draining pus, commonly used for lung abscess with cough and purulent sputum, chest pain, and intestinal abscess.Coix Seed can detoxify and disperse nodules, “breaking toxic swellings” (“Discussion on Medicinal Properties”). It can be used for warts and cancerous tumors.【Compatibility Applications】1. Coix Seed with Winter Melon PeelCoix Seed excels in strengthening the Spleen and promoting urination; Winter Melon Peel excels in promoting urination and reducing swelling. The combination of these two herbs has the effect of strengthening the Spleen and promoting urination to reduce swelling, used for treating edema due to excess damp-heat and Spleen deficiency with reduced urination.2. Coix Seed with Bai Zhu (Atractylodes)Coix Seed excels in promoting urination and leaching out dampness; Bai Zhu excels in tonifying Qi, strengthening the Spleen, and drying dampness. The combination enhances the Spleen tonifying and damp-dispelling effects, used for treating Spleen deficiency with excessive dampness leading to loose stools and fatigue.3. Coix Seed with Ma Huang (Ephedra)Coix Seed excels in dispelling dampness and relieving bi syndrome; Ma Huang excels in inducing sweating, releasing the exterior, and promoting urination. The combination has the effect of dispelling wind, scattering cold, and eliminating dampness, used for treating bi syndrome with wind-dampness manifesting as pain throughout the body and inability to stretch the muscles.【Identification Applications】1. Raw Coix Seed vs. Fried Coix SeedBoth are different processed varieties of Coix Seed, with different processing methods leading to different emphases in their effects. Raw Coix Seed is more cooling, excelling in promoting urination and leaching out dampness, clearing heat and draining pus, dispelling bi syndrome, and detoxifying and dispersing nodules; especially suitable for edema, beriberi, difficult urination, damp bi syndrome, intestinal abscess, lung abscess, warts, and cancerous tumors; used for edema, as its damp-leaching effect is weaker, suitable for mild cases. Fried Coix Seed is more neutral, excelling in strengthening the Spleen and stopping diarrhea, commonly used for diarrhea due to Spleen deficiency with dampness. Clinical use of raw Coix Seed is predominant, especially suitable for bi syndrome of the lower limbs caused by damp-heat; frying is often used for strengthening the Spleen; due to its weaker effect, larger doses are recommended.2. Coix Seed vs. Fu Ling (Poria)Both can strengthen the Spleen and promote urination, and both enter the Spleen meridian, commonly used together for Spleen deficiency with excessive dampness. However, Coix Seed’s effects are milder, requiring larger doses to see results; Coix Seed enters the Lung and Stomach meridians, its cool nature can relieve bi syndrome, drain pus, and detoxify and disperse nodules; commonly used for damp bi syndrome, lung abscess, intestinal abscess, warts, and cancerous tumors. Fu Ling is more neutral and mild, a key herb for promoting urination and leaching out dampness, its strength in promoting urination and leaching out dampness is greater than that of Coix Seed; it can be used for edema regardless of cold-heat or deficiency-excess, often used to treat phlegm-dampness causing dizziness, palpitations, cough, etc., and has a calming effect, commonly used for palpitations, anxiety, insomnia, and vivid dreams.【Formula Examples】1. Shen Ling Bai Zhu San (“Formulas from the Bureau of Medicine”)Ingredients: Lotus Seed, Coix Seed, Cardamom, Platycodon, White Hyacinth Bean, White Poria, Ginseng, Licorice, Bai Zhu (Atractylodes), Yam.Functions and Indications: Tonifies Qi, strengthens the Spleen, leaches out dampness, and stops diarrhea. Suitable for Spleen deficiency with excessive dampness, food stagnation, chest and abdominal fullness, borborygmus, diarrhea, fatigue, emaciation, pale yellow complexion, pale tongue with white greasy coating, and weak pulse.2. San Ren Tang (“Differentiation of Warm Diseases”)Ingredients: Apricot Kernel, Smooth Stone, White Toadflax, White Cardamom, Bamboo Leaf, Magnolia Bark, Coix Seed, Pinellia.Functions and Indications: Regulates Qi, clears damp-heat. Suitable for early onset of damp-warmth and heat with dampness, symptoms include headache, chills, body aches, fatigue, pale yellow complexion, chest tightness, lack of appetite, afternoon fever, white coating without thirst, and wiry, thin, and slippery pulse.3. Wei Jing Tang (“Secret Essentials of External Medicine” citing “Ancient and Modern Verified Formulas”)Ingredients: Reed Stem, Coix Seed, Melon Slice, Peach Kernel.Functions and Indications: Clears the lungs, transforms phlegm, promotes blood circulation, and drains pus. Suitable for lung abscess, heat toxin stagnation, phlegm and blood stasis, symptoms include slight fever, cough with abundant phlegm, possibly coughing up foul-smelling pus and blood, and slight pain in the chest, red tongue with yellow greasy coating, and slippery rapid pulse.4. Yi Yi Fu Zi Bai Jiang San (“Essentials of the Golden Chamber”)Ingredients: Coix Seed, Fu Zi (Aconite), Bai Jiang (Patrinia).Functions and Indications: Drains pus and reduces swelling. Suitable for intestinal abscess with pus formation, no fever, with a hard abdomen, and a pulse that is rapid.【Patent Medicine Examples】1. Si Miao Wan (“Clinical Use Guidelines for Chinese Medicine Formulations, 2015 Edition”)Ingredients: Salted Huangbai (Phellodendron), Cang Zhu (Atractylodes), Coix Seed, Niu Xi (Achyranthes).Functions and Indications: Clears heat and leaches out dampness. Used for bi syndrome caused by damp-heat, symptoms include redness and swelling of the feet and knees, and pain in the muscles and bones.2. Feng Tong An Capsules (“Clinical Use Guidelines for Chinese Medicine Formulations, 2015 Edition”)Ingredients: Gypsum, Huangbai (Phellodendron), Fangji (Stephania), Coix Seed, Lonicera, Papaya, Talc, Tongcao (Tetrapanax), Cinnamon Twig, Turmeric, Honeysuckle Vine, Sea Pine Skin.Functions and Indications: Clears heat, leaches out dampness, invigorates blood, and unblocks collaterals. Used for bi syndrome caused by damp-heat, symptoms include redness, swelling, and heat pain in the joints, and muscle soreness; for those with rheumatic arthritis presenting with the above symptoms.3. Shen Ling Jian Pi Granules (“Clinical Use Guidelines for Chinese Medicine Formulations, 2015 Edition”)Ingredients: Bei Sha Shen (Glehnia), Bai Zhu (Atractylodes), Fu Ling (Poria), Coix Seed (fried), Yam (fried), Hyacinth Bean (fried), Cardamom (salted), Chen Pi (tangerine peel), Lotus Seed, Licorice.Functions and Indications: Tonifies the Spleen and benefits the Stomach, promotes urination, and stops diarrhea. Used for Spleen and Stomach deficiency, Qi and Yin deficiency leading to poor digestion, vomiting or diarrhea, lack of appetite, emaciation, pale complexion, fatigue.4. Qian Lie Shu Wan (“Clinical Use Guidelines for Chinese Medicine Formulations, 2015 Edition”)Ingredients: Fu Zi (Aconite) (processed), Cinnamon Twig, Yin Yang Huo (Epimedium), Chives, Rehmannia, Cornelian Cherry, Yam, Coix Seed, Winter Melon Seed, Cang Zhu (Atractylodes), Ze Xie (Alisma), Bai Zhu (Atractylodes), Peach Kernel, Peony Root, Licorice.Functions and Indications: Supports the body, strengthens the foundation, benefits the kidneys, and promotes urination. Used for kidney deficiency leading to urinary symptoms, symptoms include frequent urination, urgency, incomplete urination; chronic prostatitis and prostatic hyperplasia presenting with the above symptoms.【Dosage】9～30g.【Caution】This product has a slippery nature, so use with caution in pregnant women.【Summary of Materia Medica】1. “Shennong’s Classic of Materia Medica” states: “It is used for muscle spasms and contractions, cannot bend or stretch, wind-dampness, and reduces qi.”2. “Correcting the Materia Medica” states: “Coix Seed, sweet and bland, slightly cool, slightly descending and leaching, thus it can dispel dampness and promote urination; because it dispels dampness, it can benefit the joints, eliminate beriberi, treat weakness and spasms due to dampness, reduce edema and pain, promote urination for heat dysuria, and also kill roundworms. Because it is slightly descending, it can also treat cough with purulent sputum, and open the stomach. Because of its cool nature, it can clear heat, stop thirst, and relieve shortness of breath. However, its effects are very mild, so it is best used as an adjunct.”3. “Compendium of Materia Medica” states: “Coix Seed is a Yangming herb, capable of tonifying the Spleen and benefiting the Stomach. If deficient, it supplements its mother, thus used for lung atrophy and lung abscess. For diseases of the muscles and bones, it is based on treating Yangming, thus used for spasms and wind-dampness. The earth can overcome water to dispel dampness, thus used for diarrhea and edema.”4. “Discussion on Medicinal Properties” states: “When decocted, it breaks toxic swellings.”【Chemical Components】Mainly contains lipid components: triglycerides, α-monolaurin, α-monolinolein, etc.; sterol components: cis and trans ferulic acid soy sterol, cis and trans ferulic acid rapeseed sterol, etc.; benzothiazole components: coixol, etc.; also contains glucans and acidic polysaccharides, coix polysaccharides, etc.The Pharmacopoeia of China stipulates that this product contains triglycerides(C57H104O6) not less than0.50%, and the herbal pieces must not be less than0.40%.【Pharmacology and Toxicology】This product has effects on regulating the gastrointestinal tract, anti-tumor, lowering lipids, lowering blood sugar, analgesic, regulating immunity, estrogen-like, and anti-radiation.1. Regulating gastrointestinal effectsCoix Seed75% ethanol extract at a dose equivalent to10g of raw herb/kg administered to anesthetized rats via duodenal injection, significantly promotes bile secretion after3 hours. Coix Seed75% ethanol extract at doses equivalent to5 and15g of raw herb/kg administered via gastric gavage, significantly inhibits the formation of gastric ulcers induced by a single gavage of 0.6M hydrochloric acid 0.35ml/rat, with inhibition rates of52.3% and55.4%; for water immersion stress-induced gastric ulcers in mice, the inhibition rates were33.8% and74.0%, but there was no significant inhibitory effect on gastric ulcers induced by indomethacin-ethanol. The above doses had no significant effect on the gastrointestinal propulsion of mice or castor oil-induced diarrhea, but15g of raw herb/kg significantly reduced the number of diarrhea episodes induced by senna leaves, with a duration of action lasting3 hours. Coix Seed water extract5.4,2.7, and1.35g of raw herb/kg administered continuously for14 days, significantly improved the general condition of rats with TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis, alleviating pathological damage to colonic tissue, with varying degrees of reduction in disease activity index, intestinal mucosal injury index, and serum IL-6 levels compared to the model group, while serum IL-10 levels were elevated compared to the model group.[1].2. Anti-tumor effectsCoix Seed ester10-7～10-4mol/L has a proliferation inhibitory effect on cultured human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cellsCNE-2Z, showing a dose-dependent relationship; Coix Seed ester10-7～10-6mol/L, can enhance the radiation sensitivity of culturedCNE-2Z cells, reducing the hypoxic irradiation dose by10.67%～35.69%; Coix Seed ester500,250,125mg/kg significantly inhibitsS180A mouse erythrocyte membraneNa+,K+-ATPase activity, showing a positive correlation with dosage. Coix Seed ester10-7～10-4mol/L, can dose-dependently inhibit the metastasis rate of CNE-2Z-induced tumors in nude mice. In vitro studies found that Coix Seed ester5,10,20mg/L significantly inhibited the proliferation of cultured gastric cancer cellsBGC-823, showing a time and dose-dependent relationship, and high-dose groups significantly induced apoptosis inBGC-823 cells.[2].3. Lipid-lowering effectsCoix Seed water extract powder500mg/kg, administered continuously for4 weeks, significantly reduced food intake and body weight in high-fat diet rats, lowering serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, and tumor necrosis factormRNA expression levels. Coix Seed water extract powder400,200,100mg/kg, significantly reduced serum triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and total cholesterol levels in high-fat emulsion-induced hyperlipidemic model rats, significantly increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, improving liver cell morphology, and providing protective effects against high-fat emulsion-induced hyperlipidemia in model rats.[4].4. Blood sugar-lowering effectsCoix Seed polysaccharides100,200mg/kg administered via gastric gavage had no significant effect on blood sugar levels in normal mice, while50,100mg/kg administered via intraperitoneal injection could lower blood sugar levels in normal mice. Pre-injecting rats with Coix Seed polysaccharides25,50,100mg/kg, followed by tail vein injection of alloxan50mg/kg, and measuring relevant indicators after48 hours, found that the blood sugar values and glucose tolerance area under the curve in the prevention group were significantly lower than those in the alloxan group, with higher superoxide dismutase activity in the prevention group compared to the alloxan group, and the number of pancreatic B cells and insulin secretion granules in the prevention group were similar to those in normal rats, with no morphological changes.5. Analgesic effectsCoix Seed ethanol extract(petroleum ether, ethyl acetate separated parts) at a dose of25g of raw herb/kg, administered continuously for5 days, significantly prolonged the pain response in mice induced by the hot plate method, tail flick method, and acetic acid writhing method, extending the latency of paw licking response, tail flick response, and writhing response, and reducing the number of writhing responses in mice.[5]Coix Seed decoction and soaking solution, administered daily at3.75,0.75g of raw herb/kg, continuously for5 days, significantly inhibited ear swelling in mice induced by xylene and foot swelling in mice induced by carrageenan in inflammation models, and the high-dose group significantly reduced foot swelling in mice at3 hours and4 hours; the high-dose group significantly reduced the number of times mice rolled in the rolling cage; the Coix Seed soaking solution showed no significant differences in the above model animals’ relevant indicators.[6].6. Immune-regulating effectsCoix Seed polysaccharides at daily doses of1000,500,250mg/kg, administered continuously for28 days, significantly inhibited the reduction of spleen index and thymus index in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice, enhanced macrophage phagocytosis index and lymphocyte proliferation response, and increased serum half-hemolytic value.[7].7. Estrogen-like effectsCoix Seed decoction at doses of20,10g of raw herb/kg, administered continuously for28 days, significantly increased the uterine coefficient in immature female mice. Coix Seed decoction at concentrations of1,0.1,0.01,0.001,0.0001,0.00001mg/ml cultured in estrogen-deprived media, could induce proliferation of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, with standardized luciferase activity significantly increased.[8].8. Anti-radiation effectsCoix Seed water extract at doses of0.88,0.44,0.22g/kg administered continuously for14 days, could increase the number of nucleated cells in the bone marrow of irradiated mice, dose-dependently reducing the number of peripheral blood micronuclei; doses of0.88,0.44g/kg significantly increased the expression levels of SOD, IL-1, and IL-2 in peripheral blood leukocytes of mice, indicating that Coix Seed water extract promotes the release of nucleated cells from the bone marrow, accelerates the recovery of peripheral leukocyte counts, enhances free radical clearance, and has anti-radiation and immune-protective regulatory effects.[9].9. Other effectsIn vitro experimental studies show that both Coix Seed water extract and ethanol extract can inhibit the activity of xanthine oxidase in the purine metabolism process to varying degrees. The water extract at concentrations of0.5～3mg powder/ml has an inhibition rate of47.1%～52.8%; the 60% ethanol extract in the same concentration range shows an increasing inhibition rate with increasing concentration, with a minimum inhibition rate of41.7%, and when the concentration is3mg/ml, the inhibition rate reaches83.6%; the 95% ethanol extract in the above concentration range has an inhibition rate of77%～80.7% with small fluctuations.[10].Using enzyme kinetics methods to explore the inhibitory effect of Coix Seed extract on tyrosinase, the results show that the optimal process is8 times the amount of70% ethanol extraction for2 hours, obtaining an average inhibition rate of33.3% on tyrosinase. This extract in the concentration range of0.1～2.0mg/ml has a half-inhibitory concentration (IC50) of1.4mg/ml.Lineweaver-Burk double-reciprocal plotting shows that the inhibitory effect of Coix Seed extract on tyrosinase is of a mixed-type inhibition.[11].10. Toxicological studiesCoix Seed oil at0.82g/ml, the maximum dosage for oral administration in mice is32.8g/kg; Coix Seed oil0.5ml applied to the depilated skin of rabbits showed no signs of erythema, edema, or other skin irritation reactions on intact or damaged skin; Coix Seed oil2ml injected into the rectum of rabbits for7 days showed no signs of congestion, edema, or abnormal secretions in the rectal mucosa.[12].【References】[1] Li Yanlong, Wu Chun, Liao Zhifeng, et al. Effects of Coix Seed water extract on serum IL-6 and IL-10 in rats with ulcerative colitis. Journal of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2013, 15(9); 42-45.[2] Bao Xueming, Lu Jianhua, Wu Zhaofeng, et al. Effects of Coix Seed ester on the proliferation and apoptosis of colon cancer SW480. Chinese Journal of Practical Diagnosis and Therapy, 2012, 26(3): 260-261.[3] Guo Liting, Cheng Yuexin, Jiang Zao. Expression of B7-H4 and B7-H3 in gastric cancer and the effects of Coix Seed ester on their expression. Modern Oncology, 2011, 19(9): 1791-1795.[4] Yi Hui, Lin Hanlu, Ke Hong. Protective effects of Coix Seed water extract on hyperlipidemic model rats. Chinese Pharmacy, 2013, 24(31): 2899-2901.[5] Wu Yueguo, Zhang Ping, Zhao Zhengrong, et al. Screening of analgesic active parts of Coix Seed extract. Chinese Modern Applied Pharmacy, 2012, 29(6): 503-506.[6] Li Hongyan, Cao Yang, Tao Xiaojun, et al. Study on the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and sedative effects of Coix Seed water extract. Asia-Pacific Traditional Medicine, 2013, 9(12): 5860.[7] Lü Feng, Lin Yongyi, Chen Daiyuan. Immune-regulating effects of Coix Seed active polysaccharides in mice. Chinese Journal of Food Science, 2013, 13(6): 20-25.[8] Zheng Xiaoke, Zhang Na, Wang Xiaofan, et al. Screening study on the androgen-like activity of Coix Seed water decoction. World Science and Technology – Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2014, 16(9): 1974-1979.[9] Li Qijie, Wu Ping, Xia Zengliang, et al. Study on the mechanism of Coix Seed water extract against radiation damage. West China Medical Journal, 2013, 28(8): 1211-1214.[10] Yu Juan, Wang Xiaomei, Inhibitory effects of Coix Seed and Poria extracts on xanthine oxidase. Chinese Medicine and Clinical, 2014, 14(1): 30-32.[11] Yan Hang, Tang Ting, Gan Li, et al. Inhibitory effects of Coix Seed extract on tyrosinase. Chinese Medicine, 2013, 35(4): 696-699.[12] Tao Xiaojun, Xu Zhili, Lei Xuekao, et al. Acute toxicity and irritation studies of Coix Seed oil. Journal of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2013, 15(3): 39-40.