1. Concise Version of the Six Meridians Diagnosis(1) Taiyang Disease SyndromeThe Taiyang disease syndrome refers to clinical symptoms arising from external pathogens entering from the outside or diseases developing from within, leading to dysfunction of the Taiyang meridian and its associated organs. Taiyang is the meridian of abundant Yang Qi, governing the body’s exterior, gathering Ying and Wei Qi, and serving as a barrier for the body, including the Foot Taiyang Bladder Meridian and the Hand Taiyang Small Intestine Meridian. External pathogens typically invade the body through the Taiyang, where Wei Qi rises to resist the pathogen, resulting in a struggle between the righteous and the evil, leading to Taiyang meridian Qi obstruction and Ying-Wei disharmony, causing illness; when the disease develops from within, it transitions from Yin to Yang under certain conditions, or from the exterior to the interior. Due to variations in the patient’s constitution and the nature of the pathogenic factors, there are distinctions between wind stroke and cold damage, even though both are classified as Taiyang syndromes.1. Taiyang Meridian SyndromeAcupuncture meridian point diagrams indicate that Taiyang Meridian Syndrome refers to clinical symptoms arising when the Taiyang meridian is invaded by external pathogens, resulting in Qi obstruction at the muscle level. This can be divided into Taiyang Wind Syndrome and Taiyang Cold Damage Syndrome.(1) Taiyang Wind SyndromeTaiyang Wind Syndrome refers to a clinical condition where wind pathogens invade the muscle layer, leading to Wei Qi instability, and the Yin of Ying cannot be contained internally, resulting in outward leakage.Clinically, this is also referred to as Exterior Deficiency Syndrome.【Clinical Manifestations】Fever, sweating, aversion to wind, headache, floating and relaxed pulse, sometimes accompanied by nasal congestion and dry retching.【Syndrome Analysis】Taiyang governs the exterior and regulates Ying and Wei. When wind and cold invade the muscle layer, with wind as the primary pathogen, the pores become loose, leading to the sensation of aversion to wind; Wei, being Yang, governs the exterior, and when it is affected, Wei Yang rises excessively to the exterior, causing fever; due to Wei Yang’s excessive rise, it loses its function of maintaining the exterior’s opening and closing, resulting in the Yin of Ying being unable to contain internally, leading to spontaneous sweating; sweating causes the muscle pores to loosen, and with insufficient Ying Yin, the pulse becomes floating and relaxed. Nasal congestion and dry retching occur due to wind pathogens obstructing the lungs and stomach. This syndrome is characterized by sweating and a floating and relaxed pulse, hence also referred to as Exterior Deficiency Syndrome.This is in contrast to the Taiyang Cold Damage Syndrome, which is not absolutely a deficiency syndrome.(2) Taiyang Cold Damage SyndromeTaiyang Cold Damage Syndrome refers to clinical symptoms manifested when cold pathogens invade the exterior, leading to obstruction of Taiyang meridian Qi, with Wei Yang being constrained and Ying Yin stagnating.【Clinical Manifestations】Fever, aversion to cold, stiffness and pain in the head and neck, body aches, no sweating, and a floating and tight pulse.【Syndrome Analysis】Cold pathogens invade the exterior, and Wei Yang rises to resist, losing its normal function of warming the flesh and nourishing the pores, resulting in aversion to cold; with Wei Yang excessively rising to the exterior, it must contend with the pathogen, leading to fever; in cases of cold damage, fever and aversion to cold often occur simultaneously. When wind and cold invade, the pores become obstructed, hence no sweating; cold pathogens invade, leading to obstruction of Taiyang meridian Qi, resulting in stiffness and pain in the head and neck; the righteous Qi attempts to rise outward while cold pathogens constrain the exterior, hence the pulse is floating and tight; shortness of breath occurs due to the pathogen constraining the exterior, preventing the pores from opening, affecting the lungs, and causing lung Qi obstruction. Due to the absence of sweating, this is termed an Exterior Excess Syndrome.2. Taiyang Fu SyndromeTaiyang Fu Syndrome refers to clinical symptoms manifested when the Taiyang meridian pathogen does not resolve and transmits into the Fu organs.(1) Taiyang Water Accumulation SyndromeTaiyang Water Accumulation Syndrome refers to clinical symptoms manifested when external pathogens do not resolve and remain in the Taiyang Bladder Fu, leading to dysfunction of bladder Qi transformation and water pathways, resulting in water accumulation.【Clinical Manifestations】Difficult urination, abdominal distension, fever, thirst, desire to drink water, vomiting upon drinking, floating or floating and rapid pulse.【Syndrome Analysis】The bladder governs the storage of fluids and the transformation of Qi and water. Due to bladder Qi dysfunction, it cannot distribute fluids upward or transform Qi and water, leading to thirst and difficult urination. Water Qi reverses upward, stagnating in the stomach, refusing to be accepted, hence vomiting upon drinking. The characteristics of this syndrome are “difficult urination, thirst, and vomiting upon drinking”.(2) Taiyang Blood Accumulation SyndromeTaiyang Blood Accumulation Syndrome refers to clinical symptoms manifested when external pathogens enter the interior, transforming into heat, penetrating deeply into the lower jiao, where evil heat and stagnant blood interact and accumulate in the bladder and lower abdomen.【Clinical Manifestations】Acute distension and pain in the lower abdomen, possible mania or delirium, either easy or difficult urination, or black stools, purple tongue or with purplish spots, and a deep and rough or deep and knotty pulse.【Syndrome Analysis】External pathogens invade the Taiyang, transforming into heat in the interior, with Ying blood being scorched by the heat, leading to heat and stagnant blood clashing in the lower jiao and lower abdomen, hence the acute distension and pain in the lower abdomen. The heart governs blood vessels and houses the spirit; when evil heat disturbs the heart spirit, it may lead to mania or delirium. If stagnant blood clogs the bladder, Qi transformation is impaired, leading to easy urination or difficult urination, with painful and rough urination. If stagnant blood remains in the stomach and intestines, it may lead to black stools.Stagnant heat obstructs the pulse pathways, hence the pulse is deep and rough or deep and knotty. This syndrome is more common in women, often accompanied by menstrual irregularities, dysmenorrhea, or amenorrhea due to stagnant heat obstructing the uterus.(2) Yangming Disease SyndromeYangming Disease Syndrome refers to clinical symptoms manifested when Taiyang disease is not resolved, and the pathogenic factors gradually become excessive, penetrating into the interior, transmitting to Yangming, or when the disease arises from within due to excessive heat, damaging fluids and resulting in excess.This represents the extreme stage of an externally contracted disease, characterized by body heat, sweating, and aversion to heat rather than cold. The disease primarily affects the intestines and stomach, with the nature of the disease being interior, heat, and excess. Based on whether the evil heat in the interior interacts with stagnation in the intestines, it can be divided into Yangming Meridian Syndrome and Yangming Fu Syndrome.1. Yangming Meridian SyndromeYangming Meridian Syndrome refers to clinical symptoms manifested when Yangming disease heat spreads throughout the body, filling the Yangming meridian, with no dry stools or internal accumulation in the intestines.Also known as Yangming Heat Syndrome.【Clinical Manifestations】High fever, profuse sweating, intense thirst, and a flooding pulse; or cold extremities, shortness of breath, irritability, delirium, red tongue, and yellow greasy coating.【Syndrome Analysis】This syndrome is characterized by high fever, profuse sweating, intense thirst, and a flooding pulse. When the evil enters Yangming, dryness and heat become excessive, filling the Yangming meridian, hence the high fever; the evil heat steams and forces fluids outward, leading to profuse sweating; excessive heat damages fluids, resulting in intense thirst. When heat is severe, Yang rises, and Yangming is a meridian abundant in Qi and blood; when heat forces its way through the meridian, Qi and blood boil, hence the pulse appears flooding; heat disturbs the heart spirit, leading to irritability and delirium; excessive heat in the meridian prevents Yin and Yang Qi from harmonizing, leading to cold extremities, known as “severe heat leads to severe cold”; red tongue and yellow greasy coating are due to the predominance of Yangming heat evil.2. Yangming Fu SyndromeYangming Fu Syndrome refers to clinical symptoms manifested when Yangming meridian heat does not resolve, transmitting into the Fu, or when heat arises from within, interacting with the remnants in the intestines, obstructing the intestinal tract.Also known as Yangming Fu Excess Syndrome. Clinically, the symptoms are characterized by “distension, fullness, dryness, and excess”.【Clinical Manifestations】Daytime fever, sweating from the hands and feet, abdominal distension and pain, constipation, or frequent gas in the abdomen, severe cases may lead to delirium, mania, insomnia, thick yellow dry coating on the tongue, prickly edges, or even black and dry cracks. The pulse is deep and slow or slippery and rapid.【Syndrome Analysis】This syndrome is more severe than the Meridian Syndrome and often represents further development of Yangming Meridian Syndrome. Yangming Fu Excess Syndrome heat evil is often characterized by daytime fever, particularly more intense heat from 3 to 5 PM, while the four limbs are affected by Yangming Qi, with excess heat in the Fu, hence sweating from the hands; Yangming syndrome presents with high fever and profuse sweating; or improper use of sweating methods leads to fluid loss, resulting in dryness in the intestines, with heat and remnants filling the intestines, leading to abdominal distension and pain, constipation; dryness leads to obstruction, causing gas to frequently turn in the abdomen. Evil heat rises and disturbs the heart palace, leading to symptoms of delirium, mania, and insomnia. Heat in the intestines leads to fluid loss, hence the tongue is thick and yellow, dry, with prickly edges or black and dry cracks. Dry heat obstructs the intestines, leading to a pulse that is deep and slow or slippery and rapid.(3) Shaoyang Disease SyndromeShaoyang Disease Syndrome refers to clinical symptoms manifested when the body is invaded by external pathogens, with the righteous and evil contending between the exterior and half interior, leading to dysfunction of the Shaoyang pivot.From the perspective of disease location, Shaoyang disease is situated between the exterior of Taiyang and the interior of Yangming, representing a half-exterior, half-interior heat syndrome. It may arise from unresolved Taiyang disease transmitting inward, or the pathogen directly invading Shaoyang, or from the Yang Qi of the three Yin diseases returning to Shaoyang and causing illness.【Clinical Manifestations】Intermittent chills and fever, fullness in the chest and hypochondria, disinterest in food and drink, irritability, bitter mouth, dry throat, dizziness, thin white coating on the tongue, and wiry pulse.【Syndrome Analysis】This syndrome is characterized by intermittent chills and fever, fullness in the chest and hypochondria, irritability, and bitter mouth. The pathogen invades Shaoyang, with the righteous and evil contending between the half-exterior and half-interior, hence the intermittent chills and fever; when Shaoyang is affected, gallbladder fire rises, scorching fluids, leading to a bitter mouth and dry throat; the chest and hypochondria are the pathways of the Shaoyang meridian, where evil heat obstructs the Shaoyang, leading to stagnation of Qi and blood, hence fullness in the chest and hypochondria. The liver and gallbladder’s inability to regulate leads to stomach disharmony, hence the disinterest in food and drink. Shaoyang wood stagnation and water-fire reversal lead to irritability; when the liver and gallbladder are affected, Qi stagnation leads to a wiry pulse.(4) Taiyin Disease SyndromeTaiyin Disease Syndrome refers to clinical symptoms manifested when the pathogen invades Taiyin, leading to weakened spleen and stomach functions.The term “Taiyin” primarily refers to the spleen (stomach). It may arise from improper treatment of the three Yang diseases, damaging spleen Yang, or from pre-existing spleen Qi deficiency, with cold pathogens directly invading.【Clinical Manifestations】Abdominal fullness and vomiting, inability to eat, diarrhea, no thirst, and occasional abdominal pain. The tongue may have a white greasy coating, and the pulse is deep, slow, and weak.【Syndrome Analysis】The overall pathogenesis of Taiyin disease is characterized by spleen and stomach deficiency-cold, with internal accumulation of cold dampness. The spleen is deficient and cold, with insufficient middle Yang, leading to impaired spleen function, causing internal dampness to accumulate, resulting in abdominal fullness; cold pathogens obstructing the Qi and blood flow lead to intermittent abdominal pain; insufficient middle Yang leads to diarrhea with loose stools, and in severe cases, clear fluids may be expelled; due to the cold dampness, the tongue coating is white and greasy, and the pulse is deep, slow, and weak.(5) Shaoyin Disease SyndromeShaoyin Disease Syndrome refers to a category of clinical symptoms characterized by systemic weakness due to Shaoyin heart and kidney Yang deficiency and internal excess of deficiency-cold. Shaoyin disease represents the most dangerous stage in the development of the six meridian diseases. The disease primarily affects Shaoyin, with heart and kidney functions declining, leading to weakened resistance to disease, or transitioning from Yin to cold or from Yang to heat, resulting in two different clinical presentations of cold transformation and heat transformation.1. Shaoyin Cold Transformation SyndromeShaoyin Cold Transformation Syndrome refers to clinical symptoms manifested when heart and kidney water and fire are not in harmony, leading to the pathogen transforming into cold, with internal excess of cold and weakened Yang Qi.【Clinical Manifestations】No fever, aversion to cold, fine pulse, desire to sleep, cold extremities, diarrhea with clear fluids, inability to eat, or vomiting upon eating; or a fine pulse that is about to disappear, with no aversion to cold, even facial redness.【Syndrome Analysis】Yang deficiency fails to warm, leading to aversion to cold and desire to sleep, with cold extremities; Yang Qi is weak, and the spirit is not nourished, hence the state of “only wanting to sleep” and fatigue; Yang deficiency and cold excess fail to promote blood circulation, hence the pulse is fine; kidney Yang deficiency is unable to warm and promote spleen Yang to assist in transformation, leading to diarrhea with clear fluids; if Yin cold is excessive, it may obstruct the remaining Yang, leading to facial redness, known as “Yang floating above”.2. Shaoyin Heat Transformation SyndromeShaoyin Heat Transformation Syndrome refers to clinical symptoms manifested when Shaoyin disease heat transforms into heat, damaging Yin, leading to Yin deficiency and Yang excess.【Clinical Manifestations】Irritability, insomnia, dry mouth and throat, short and red urine, red tongue, and fine rapid pulse.【Syndrome Analysis】Evil enters Shaoyin, transforming from Yang to heat, scorching true Yin, leading to kidney Yin deficiency and heart fire excess, hence irritability and insomnia; evil heat damages fluids, leading to dryness in the mouth and throat; heart fire descends to the small intestine, leading to short and red urine; Yin deficiency and heat scorching lead to a red tongue and fine rapid pulse.(6) Jueyin Disease SyndromeJueyin Disease Syndrome refers to clinical symptoms manifested when the disease reaches Jueyin, leading to disordered regulation of Yin and Yang in the body, characterized by mixed cold and heat, with cold and heat alternating.This represents the later stage of the six meridian diseases. The occurrence of Jueyin disease may arise from direct invasion, where the Yang Qi is insufficient, leading to wind and cold invasion directly into Jueyin; or from transmission, where Shaoyin disease further develops into Jueyin; or from transformation, where mismanagement of Shaoyang disease leads to significant Yang Qi damage, resulting in the disease transitioning to Jueyin.【Clinical Manifestations】Thirst, Qi rising to the heart, heat in the heart, loss of appetite, and vomiting of roundworms.【Syndrome Analysis】This syndrome is characterized by upper heat and lower cold. Upper heat refers to evil heat invading the upper jiao, including the stomach, where the patient feels heat rising to the epigastrium or even the chest, often accompanied by burning pain, which is due to liver Qi carrying evil heat rising; heat scorches fluids, leading to thirst and excessive drinking; lower cold refers to the virtual cold in the intestines, including the stomach. When the stomach and intestines are cold and weak, they fail to digest and transform, leading to loss of appetite; roundworms prefer warmth and dislike cold, hence in cold conditions, they may move in reverse to the stomach or bile duct, leading to roundworm vomiting. This syndrome reflects the characteristics of mixed cold and heat in Jueyin disease.2. Transmission of Six Meridian DiseasesTransmission refers to certain stage-specific manifestations inherent in the development process of the disease itself, as well as the sequential transmission of the interrelationships among the body’s organs and meridians. It is generally believed that “transmission” refers to the disease developing in a certain direction; “transformation” refers to the change in the nature of the disease under certain special conditions. Six meridian diseases reflect the pathological changes of the organs and meridians, as the human body is an organic whole, with close interrelations among the organs and meridians, hence the disease of one meridian often involves another, manifesting as combined diseases and symptoms of transmitted meridians.1. Combined DiseasesWhen two or three meridians are affected simultaneously, corresponding symptoms appear without a specific order. For example, when Taiyang meridian disease and Yangming meridian disease occur simultaneously, it is termed “Taiyang-Yangming Combined Disease”; when the three Yang diseases are affected together, it is termed “Three Yang Combined Disease”.2. Concurrent DiseasesWhen the disease of one meridian is not thoroughly treated, or when the symptoms of one meridian have not resolved, and symptoms of another meridian appear, it is termed concurrent disease. There is no specific order. For example, when Shaoyang disease is not resolved and further develops to involve Yangming, it is termed “Shaoyang-Yangming Concurrent Disease”.3. Transmission of Pathogenic FactorsWhen external pathogens invade and gradually spread inward, transforming from the symptoms of one meridian to those of another, it is termed “transmission of pathogenic factors”. Whether transmission occurs depends on three aspects: the strength of the constitution, the severity of the pathogenic factors, and the appropriateness of treatment. If the evil is strong and the righteous is weak, transmission occurs; if the righteous is strong and the evil retreats, the disease transitions to recovery. Strong individuals often experience transmission to the three Yangs; weak individuals often experience transmission to the three Yins. Additionally, improper sweating or purging can lead to transmission to Yangming without passing through Shaoyang. However, three Yin diseases do not necessarily transmit from Yang meridians; sometimes external pathogens can directly invade the three Yins. The general rules of transmission include:(1) Sequential TransmissionThis refers to transmission following the order of the six meridians. For example, if Taiyang disease is unresolved, it transmits to Yangming; if Yangming is unresolved, it transmits to Shaoyang; if the three Yangs are unresolved, it transmits to the three Yins, first to Taiyin, then to Shaoyin, and finally to Jueyin. Some say it follows the order of Taiyang–Shaoyang–Yangming–Taiyin–Jueyin–Shaoyin.(2) Skipped TransmissionThis refers to transmission that does not follow the above sequential order, skipping one or two meridians. For example, if Taiyang disease is unresolved, it may transmit to Yangming without passing through Shaoyang, or it may skip both Shaoyang and Yangming and directly transmit to Taiyin. Skipped transmission often occurs due to strong pathogenic factors and weak righteous Qi.(3) Exterior-Interior TransmissionThis refers to the transmission of meridians that are mutually exterior and interior. For example, Taiyang transmits to Shaoyin, Shaoyang transmits to Jueyin, and Yangming transmits to Taiyin, indicating that when the evil is strong and the righteous is weak, the nature of the disease transitions from excess to deficiency, leading to exacerbation of symptoms, which differs from skipped transmission.(4) Direct InvasionThis refers to when the disease initially does not transmit from Yang meridians but directly invades Yin meridians, manifesting as symptoms of the three Yin.2. Concise Version of the Eight Principles DiagnosisThe Eight Principles—Yin, Yang, Exterior, Interior, Cold, Heat, Deficiency, and Excess—are the most important components of TCM diagnosis. Through clinical practice, by utilizing the four examinations, understanding the condition, and analyzing and summarizing according to the disease development rules, the identified symptoms are categorized into eight types (the Eight Principles), each with its representative characteristics, used to determine the nature of the disease, leading to accurate diagnosis, and subsequently prescribing and administering treatment to achieve satisfactory therapeutic effects.In internal injuries and miscellaneous diseases, the diagnosis is based on the organs; in externally contracted diseases, the cold damage portion uses the Six Meridians diagnosis method; the warm disease portion requires the use of the Sanjiao diagnosis method and the Wei, Qi, Ying, and Blood diagnosis method.The development of diseases generally directly affects changes in the body, so symptoms, tongue coating, and pulse can all be analyzed using the Eight Principles, leading to conclusions about the nature of the disease, the depth of the disease location, and the strength of the righteous and evil, to infer prognosis and outcomes.Of course, the application of the Eight Principles is not isolated or static, but rather interrelated and mutually causal, summarized based on the situation of the righteous and evil contending.Below, we will discuss the differentiation of Yin and Yang, Exterior and Interior, Cold and Heat, and Deficiency and Excess:1. Yin-Yang DifferentiationYin and Yang are the two opposing yet unified aspects of all things. In the Eight Principles, Exterior, Heat, and Excess are Yang syndromes; Interior, Cold, and Deficiency are Yin syndromes. Therefore, Yin and Yang essentially serve as the overarching principles of the Eight Principles. Generally, Yang syndrome patients exhibit more heat and excess; Yin syndrome patients exhibit more deficiency and cold.1. Yin SyndromeFrom observation, patients with Yin syndrome often have a dull complexion, lack of energy, fatigue, sluggish movements, a preference for lying down, a desire for quiet, speaking little, a low voice, fear of cold, a preference for warmth, cold extremities, a pale tongue, a desire for little water, soft or loose stools, clear and frequent urination, a pale and plump tongue with a white greasy coating, and a deep, slow, and weak pulse.2. Yang SyndromePatients with Yang syndrome often have a red complexion, bright eyes, high fever, thirst, quick movements, irritability, dry and cracked lips, loud and forceful speech, coarse breathing, dry and foul-smelling stools, red and dry urine, a red tongue, thick yellow coating, and a floating, rapid pulse that is strong upon palpation.2. Exterior-Interior DifferentiationExterior and interior refer to the depth of the disease location. When the six excesses invade the body, if the disease occurs in the early stages and the external pathogen is still at the skin level, it is termed an exterior syndrome; if the external pathogen transmits into the interior or if the disease arises from within, it is termed an interior syndrome.1. Exterior SyndromeWhen the six excesses harm the skin, patients may experience headache, aversion to cold, nasal congestion with excessive mucus, body aches with or without sweating, and normal bowel movements, with a thin white tongue coating and a floating tight or floating rapid pulse, all of which are classified as exterior syndromes.2. Interior SyndromeDiseases that penetrate into the interior or arise from within are all classified as interior syndromes. For example, when external pathogens transmit into the interior, such as in cold damage Yangming Fu syndrome, patients may experience fever, sweating, irritability, abdominal distension and fullness with tenderness, constipation, delirium, and a strong pulse; or in warm diseases, when heat invades the heart, leading to confusion, irritability, thirst, and a flooding pulse.3. Cold-Heat DifferentiationCold and heat represent two entirely different natures of disease. Cold syndromes arise from the body being affected by cold, often leading to functional decline; conversely, heat syndromes arise from heat pathogens, often leading to functional excess.1. Cold SyndromePatients may present with a pale complexion, cold extremities, no thirst but a desire for hot drinks, fatigue, loose stools, clear and frequent urination, a pale tongue with a moist coating, and a deep, slow pulse.2. Heat SyndromePatients may present with fever, no aversion to cold, aversion to heat, irritability, dry mouth and thirst, a desire for cold drinks, red and hot urine, dry and foul-smelling stools, a red complexion, dry and cracked lips, a red tongue with a yellow coating, and a rapid pulse.4. Deficiency-Excess DifferentiationDeficiency refers to deficiency of righteous Qi, while excess refers to the presence of pathogenic factors. Generally, robust individuals with acute illness tend to have excess syndromes, while weak individuals with chronic illness tend to have deficiency syndromes.1. Deficiency SyndromeFrom a physical perspective, patients may appear weak, with a pale complexion, brittle nails, shortness of breath, fatigue, low voice, a preference for lying down, reduced appetite, lack of energy, timidity, forgetfulness, diarrhea with undigested food, cold extremities, dizziness, palpitations, insomnia, night sweats, a pale and moist tongue with teeth marks, and a weak pulse.2. Excess SyndromeCommonly seen are exterior excess and interior excess syndromes.(1) Exterior Excess SyndromeThis occurs when external pathogens obstruct the exterior, preventing lung Qi from dispersing, leading to symptoms of fever, aversion to cold, body aches, and a floating pulse.(2) Interior Excess SyndromeThis can be heat-related, presenting with a red complexion, coarse breathing, fever, irritability, delirium, dry mouth, abdominal distension with tenderness, constipation lasting several days, foul-smelling stools, red and hot urine, a yellow thick tongue coating, and a strong pulse. Cold-related interior excess may present with abdominal distension with tenderness, cold extremities, a deep and slow pulse, and a white greasy tongue coating, requiring warming methods.The above Eight Principles are categorized for clarity, but they should not be viewed in isolation; they must be interrelated, distinguishing primary and secondary factors, and carefully analyzed to be effectively applied in clinical practice.In specific patients, it is often the case that both exterior and interior are deficient or excessive, or both are cold or hot, with combinations such as exterior cold and interior heat, exterior heat and interior cold, or exterior deficiency and interior excess, as well as exterior excess and interior deficiency. In heat syndromes, there may also be true cold and false heat phenomena, such as thirst without a desire to drink, heat sensation while wanting to wear clothes, a red face with cold extremities, irritability with weakness, a pale and moist tongue, and a weak pulse; there may also be true heat and false cold patients, where symptoms suggest coldness, yet they do not want to wear clothes, with cold extremities but a hot body, dry teeth, and black foul-smelling stools, with a dry white tongue coating and a strong wiry pulse. In deficiency-excess differentiation, attention should be paid to the duration of the illness, the strength of the constitution, and the age of the patient. Sometimes, deficiency and excess may be mixed, with appearances suggesting deficiency while the essence is excess, or vice versa. As the ancients said, “Great excess may appear as weakness, while true deficiency may have a strong appearance.” This is the essence of the matter.· The End · Warm Reminder:This platform shares health-related graphic information for reference and learning purposes only and is not intended as a basis for medical diagnosis. If needed, please consult a physician for guidance.⊙ Copyright Statement: The article is sourced from the internet; if there is any infringement, please contact us for removal.
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